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Return to Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life 7e Student Resources
Chapter 18 Review Quiz
Genetic Information
Quiz Content
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A word or phrase which reads the same in both directions, such as "Able was I ere I saw Elba," is known as a/an:
Palomina
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Palindrome
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Hippodrome
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Hippopotamus
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River horse
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Occasionally, segments of DNA may spontaneously move from one place to another region of the chromosome. Discovered by Barbara McClintock, these segments are called:
Jumping genes
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Transcription elements
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Transition elements
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Introns
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Exons
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The structural features of DNA and RNA maximize their usefulness. The structural features of DNA improve its ability to:
Mutate rapidly
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Store and transfer information
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Avoid loss of introns
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Maintain a steady supply of introns
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Interact with repressor lipids
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The leading strand of DNA being formed is continuous, but the lagging strand forms a number of small pieces of DNA. These are joined by enzymes called:
Lipases
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Replicases
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Topoisomerases
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Nucleases
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Ligases
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A set of genes, along with the operator and promoter which regulate them are called a/an:
Opera
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Aria
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Operon
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Spliceosome
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Ring mechanism
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We think of DNA as remarkably stable, but some species are believed to adapt to changing environments in part by a process called:
Genetic drift
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Transposition
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Genetic fragmentation
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DNA recombination
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Intron snipping
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Eukaryotic genes are remarkable for the large amount of intron material present. In order to produce an active molecule of mRNA, the introns must be removed by structures called:
Reducasomes
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snRPS
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RNAsomes
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CAPs
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Promoters
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In eukaryotes, messenger RNA is synthesized by an enzyme called:
DNA polymerase I
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Phosphodiesterase
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Pyrophosphorylase
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RNA polymerase I
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RNA polymerase II
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The phenomenon called gene amplification describes the existence of more than one copy of a single gene. Why might the organism benefit from having more than one copy?
Some products of genetic expression are needed in larger amounts, and if one gene suffers a mutation, it's nice to have a backup
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There really isn't a purpose for everything, and there's no possible purpose for this
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Many genes mutate frequently and switch on and off
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A larger animal needs more genes
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This could never happen in an animal which was really worthless
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Both strands of DNA are copied during replication, but only one strand of DNA is transcribed
in vivo
. Why wouldn't it be useful to transcribe the other strand?
The complementary strand would not code for useful information, and might even code for something dangerous. At the very least, it would be a waste of cellular resources.
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It isn't necessary to use both strands; one is enough.
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If both strands were copied, they would cancel each other.
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The second strand is much shorter. Longer strands require complicated reactions and would probably result in mistakes of copying. In addition, Okazaki fragments would be destroyed
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Sometimes, it's better to leave well enough alone.
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Most biomolecules have a certain half-life, the average time the molecule exists before half the population of molecules has been destroyed. mRNA of organisms such as prokaryotes, which synthesize protein rapidly, has a much shorter half-life than that of organisms such as eukaryotes, which synthesize protein slowly. Suggest a reason why this might be so.
Eukaryotic cells are in relatively stable environments and do not have to respond as rapidly to changes. Organisms which replicate faster are more likely to successfully compete and therefore, more likely to multiply faster.
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Smaller organisms always have an advantage
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The big guys get everything
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Organisms which replicate slowly transcribe faster to make up for it; those which transcribe most rapidly use fewer resources and less energy and are also able to transcribe using much smaller amounts of precursor molecules
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Prokaryotes replicate faster because they only get to use the ribosomes for a short time
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One strand of the original DNA pair is incorporated into each of the new strands during replication. This type of replication is described as:
Semiconservative
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Conservative
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Liberal
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Reactionary
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Fascist
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A stationary structure composed of protein and nucleic acid synthesizes DNA in eukaryotes. This structure is known as the:
Replication factory
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Chromosome
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Chromatid
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Chromonic mechanism
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Replication fork
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To begin transcription of the lac operon, RNA polymerase binds to a region of the DNA molecule called the promoter. A small homodimer aids in binding of the RNA polymerase. Name the homodimer protein.
Terminator
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Operator
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Catabolite activator protein
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Instigator
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Stop codon
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Double-stranded DNA strands separate and replication occurs at a portion of the double helix called the:
Codon
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Replication fork
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Transition stage
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Operator
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Promoter
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Regulation of genes in prokaryotes relies on protein-based structures called operons and RNA-based structures called:
Nucleophiles
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Ribonucleotides
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Ribonucleases
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Riboswitches
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Promoters
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Mistakes in replication might result in mutations were it not for enzyme systems which recognize damaged bases, cut out the inappropriate nucleotides, and replace them with the correct versions. This type of repair is called:
Recombinational repair
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Photoactivation repair
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Excision repair
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Light-induced repair
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Spontaneous repair
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Beautiful mushrooms of the
Amanita
species often contain dangerous toxins. One of the nastier toxins is α-amanitin, a protein which inhibits the activity of RNA polymerase II. A mouse given a small dose (say, one microgram per kilogram of body weight) dies in about 15 hrs. If the same animal were given a dose ten, a hundred, or a thousand times as large, it would still in about 15 hrs. Why doesn't the larger dose kill the mouse faster?
Once mRNA or proteins are formed, the toxin can't destroy them, no matter what quantity is present. About 15 hrs is required for the mouse to degrade the mRNA on hand or for the proteins coded for by the mRNA to be degraded
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It takes about 15 hrs for the supply of DNA to be consumed, so once the mRNA or proteins are formed, the toxin can't wipe them out, no matter what quantity is present
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Mice are tough and can take it for 15 hrs
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Mice are small mammals and must eat frequently. A typical mouse has enough fat and carbohydrate stores to last for 15 hrs
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A larger mammal would probably last a lot longer. The mice die rapidly because they are tiny and lose heat rapidly
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Replication is faster in prokaryotes, which synthesize protein rapidly. What possible advantage could this provide the organism?
Organisms which make protein rapidly live in stable environments and often need to compete for food supplies
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Cells which synthesize protein at a constant rate can count on existing in exciting environments
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Rapid protein synthesis guarantees a stable environment
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Cells which make DNA more slowly live in more stable environments and often need not divide rapidly
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The organism which replicates faster moves faster
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Some genes are turned on direct mRNA synthesis only upon demand, but other genes appear to be turned on at all times. These genes are called:
Replicary
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Inducible
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Constitutive
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Reliquary
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Reactionary
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Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA near the ends of chromosomes. DNA polymerase is not capable of replicating all the way to the end of the chromosome, and with each replication, the telomeres are shortened slightly. Shortening of the telomeres is associated with aging and with some diseases such as progeria. Certain cells possess an enzyme called telomerase which actually lengthens or maintains the length of telomeres. Which of the following seems a likely candidate for possession of the enzyme?
Nerve cells
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Cancer cells
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Kidney cells
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Brain cells
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Heart muscle cells
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If replication is stopped before completion, small pieces of DNA are found. These are known as:
Telomeres
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Okazaki fragments
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RNA primers
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ATP
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Polymerases
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Bacteriophages sometimes carry bacterial DNA into recipient cells inadvertently. This process may bring about genetic change and is called:
Transposition
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Transduction
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Reduction
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Genetic rendition
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Genetic drift
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