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Return to Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life 7e Student Resources
Chapter 17 Review Quiz
Nucleic Acids
Quiz Content
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The DNA of females contains two X chromosomes, while males function with only one. It is believed that if both X chromosomes were functioning, their action would cause a metabolic catastrophe. This is avoided by:
Marriage
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Divorce
correct
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Inactivation of one of the X chromosomes
correct
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D. Conversion of one of the less dominant X chromosome to a Y chromosome
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Copying one of the chromosomes into a duplicate which is ignored on a cellular basis
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Under viral attack as well as due to aging, cells occasionally must undergo programmed cellular death known as:
Neurosis
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Halitosis
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Siderosis
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Catharsis
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Apoptosis
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In order for an RNA virus such as HIV to direct synthesis of new viral RNA, it must first direct synthesis of DNA. In order to do this, the virus must violate the central dogma by using an enzyme called:
Reverse transcriptase
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Reverse translatase
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Reverse replicase
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Pyrophosphatase
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Pyrophosphorylase
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One striking difference between the eukaryotic DNA and that of prokaryotes:
DNA of eukaryotes is larger and has introns and exons
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DNA of prokaryotes is smaller and has introns and exons
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DNA of prokaryotes is all enclosed within the mitochondria
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DNA of eukaryotes is all contained within the endoplasmic reticulum
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DNA of eukaryotes is large and has exons, but no introns
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Before translation, the introns must be removed from mRNA and the exons spliced together. This is done by spliceosomes, which are made up of snRNAs and:
Lurps
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Perps
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Destructive and rearranging small ribosomes
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Oxidative apoptosis mechanisms
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snRNPs
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Nitrites are among the most effective antibacterial agents for preserving meat, but may be dangerous due to:
Their ability to cause changes resulting in point mutations
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Their ability to cause changes resulting in pint mutations
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Their ability to cause changes resulting in transition mutations
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Their ready oxidation to dangerous nitrates
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Their poisonous character
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All mitochondrial DNA comes from our:
Fathers
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Uncles
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Mothers
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Aunts
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Paternal grandparents
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The least abundant form of RNA in the cell is:
tRNA
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rRNA
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mRNA
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Mitochondrial RNA
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Plasmid RNA
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Synthesis of DNA is called:
Replication
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Translation
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Transcription
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Transition
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Transpiration
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During replication, DNA strands separate, causing supercoiling. These supercoils are removed by:
Acid hydrolysis
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Topoisomerases
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Electrostatic repulsion
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Depletion of stored potential energy as the strands separate
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Transfer to cruciform structures in transfer RNA
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DNA and RNA differ in important ways. Some ways which make RNA special are:
The 2'-OH group of RNA confers extra reactivity, and the single-stranded structure allows folding into complex shapes
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The 3'-OH group of RNA confers extra reactivity, and the single-stranded structure allows folding into complex shapes
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The 2'-OH group of RNA confers extra reactivity, and the double-stranded structure allows folding into complex shapes
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The higher solubility of RNA allows for faster reactions
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The higher molecular weight of RNA allows for greater stability
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Conventional cellular DNA differs from that of mitochondria and chloroplasts in that:
DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts contains special bases not found in other cellular DNA
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DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts is green in color
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts do not have DNA, but use RNA instead
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and carry out their own replication separately from the other cellular activities
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DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts does not show semiconservative replication
correct
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The molecular weight of DNA is high, as much as a billion amu. In contrast, the molecular weights of RNA are low, perhaps around 25,000 amu. About 1% of the dry weight of the cell is DNA, and about 5% of the weight is RNA. From these numbers, we can conclude that:
There are many more molecules of DNA than RNA in the cell
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There are equal numbers of molecules of DNA and RNA in the cell
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It is impossible, given the information supplied, to make any estimate of the relative abundance of DNA and RNA
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There are many more molecules of RNA in the cell than of DNA
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The molecular weight of RNA is higher than that of DNA
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In DNA, a guanine base on one strand pairs with another base on the complementary strand. Which one?
Guanine
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Cytosine
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Uracil
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Thymine
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5-methyluracil
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The DNA of prokaryotes is attached to a protein core, forming a nucleoid. In eukaryotes, the DNA forms chromatin by complexing with:
The cell wall
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Histones
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The mitochondrial membranes
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Lipids
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Starch
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The central dogma of biochemistry states that:
Genetic information passes from starch to lipids to proteins
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Genetic information passes from proteins to starch to lipids
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Information runs from parent DNA to "daughter" DNA, to RNA, and then to protein
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Information runs from daughter DNA to parent DNA to RNA, and then to protein
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Information runs from protein to RNA and then to parent DNA
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Major structural differences between RNA and DNA include:
RNA is always double-stranded and never contains deoxyribose
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RNA is always double-stranded and never contains thymine
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DNA is usually double-stranded and contains ribose and thymine
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DNA is sometimes double-stranded and contains deoxyribose and uracil
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DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose and thymine
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Frederick Sanger won two Nobel prizes, one for a method to determine the sequence of proteins and another for a procedure to determine the sequence of:
Starch
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Nucleic acids
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Amino acids
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Timed events of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
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Triacylglycerols
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Chargaff's rules state that:
In RNA, the amount of ribose is equal to the amount of phosphate
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In DNA, the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine
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In RNA, the percentage of deoxyribose is equal to the amount of uracil
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In DNA, the percentage of adenine is equal to the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of cytosine is equal to the percentage of guanine
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There is no relationship between the amounts of purine and pyrimidine bases
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For some time, nucleic acid chemists have pondered the fact that most cells contain identical DNA, and yet, liver cells become liver cells, brain cells become brain cells, and all seem to begin with stem cells. In order to differentiate into specific and different cell types, the cells undergo a control process called:
Ionic modifications
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Lipid modifications
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Epigenetic modifications
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Cellular peripheretic changes
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Membrane modifications
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A number of guilty parties have been sent to jail and others who were unjustly accused have been exonerated as a result of DNA fingerprinting. This analysis requires fairly large amounts of DNA, and crime scenes often contain only a small amount. Even tiny amounts of DNA may be increased to usable amounts by:
Micro management
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Microanalysis
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The scanning, tunneling electron microscope
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Sanger's reagent
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The polymerase chain reaction
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Forensic techniques once relied on analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, but more recently has come to depend upon:
FTR
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NMR
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FDR
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Analysis of Fourier transfer patterns
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Analysis of short tandem repeats
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The melting temperature of a nucleic acid:
Is directly proportional to the sum of the percentages of adenine and thymine
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Is directly proportional to the sum of the percentages of adenine and guanine
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Is directly proportional to the sum of the percentages of thymine and cytosine
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Is directly proportional to the sum of the percentages of cytosine and guanine
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Is directly proportional to the percentage of deoxyribose
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