Chapter 16 Quiz

. Between 1873 and 1893, the nation's and world's economies spiraled into depression. These depressed periods were characterized by

low crop prices.

tremendous labor unrest.

general decline in prices for manufactured goods.

All of the above

. State governments formed National Guards for the purpose of

fighting foreign invasions.

breaking strikes and quelling labor unrest.

defending against domestic attack by remaining Confederates.

All of the above

. Many immigrants came to the United States intending to

make money and return home.

"strike it rich" in the United States.

make money to send back to their families.

All of the above

. Jewish immigration to the United States from Russia was largely a result of

large extant Jewish communities in the United States that attracted Russian Jews to emigrate.

the improvement of steamship lines between Russia and the United States.

the chaos of the Russian Revolution.

an imperial policy of Jewish persecution.

. A distinguishing aspect of big businesses of the late nineteenth century was that they

employed many people.

were managed by professionals instead of their owners.

were all owned by native-born white Americans.

were not located in the South or West.

. In 1882, John D. Rockefeller devised the _______ as a solution to the problem of competition.

corporation

mega-company

trust

robber baron

. All of the following were characteristics of the new American wealthy elite except

Most were Protestants.

They educated their children at exclusive private schools.

They maintained the traditional middle-class virtues of thrift and self-denial.

They built spectacular houses in the city and country.

. Common laborers were difficult to organize because

they were unskilled and illiterate.

they were separated by barriers of language and ethnic differences and their reliance on seasonal labor made them transient.

they were powerless against the antilabor dictates of the big corporations that employed them.

most common laborers needed adequate time away from work to spend with family.

. Which of the following statement best describes the state of American cities in the late 19th century?

They grew more crowded and unsanitary, but reformers made notable gains.

They were the envy of all the world.

Initially, the urban population expanded, but it then declined after people saw how dirty and unsanitary they were.

Urban reformers made life clean, healthy, and prosperous for everyone.

. What industry did Andrew Carnegie come to dominate?

Meatpacking

Railroads

Banking

Steel

. What is horizontal consolidation?

Encouraging business competition

Control of one powerful brand

Control of one step in the industrial process

Control of all steps in one industry

. What is Social Darwinism?

The theory that the rich were obligated to help the poor

The theory that human inequality was the outcome of a struggle for survival in which the most fit rose to the top

The theory that human inequality did not exist

The theory that the poor were fitter than the rich and could more easily climb their way up the economic structure

. The West was drawn into the political economy of capitalism in all of the following ways except

It provided the meat that Americans in the East relied on for food.

It provided the gold and silver the nation's currency rested on.

Unionization of the ranch hands and other workers.

It provided the grains that Americans used for their bread.

. Farming in the West was different from farming in the East in all of the following ways except that

farm sizes in the East were too small for the economy or the ecology.

western farmers were businessmen first and then farmers.

farmers in the West were not subsistence farmers.

western farmers mortgaged their property for investments in irrigation.

. Why did open-range herding in the west decline?

People no longer wanted to invest in cattle herding.

Americans began eating less beef.

Railroads could not transport such large herds of cattle.

It became so environmentally destructive that it was no longer economically feasible.

. Which of the following reforms did the Knights of Labor advocate?

A national sales tax

An eight-hour workday

Paid vacations for all workers

None of the above

. What happened during the Haymarket Disaster?

Someone threw a bomb at an anarchist rally in Chicago and four people died.

Chicago policemen injured over 100 people at an anarchist rally.

A fire broke out at a New York City sweatshop and 20 people died.

Citizens of New York instigated a race riot.

. Why did white workers resent Chinese immigrant laborers?

They assumed middle management positions.

They unionized and fought for their rights.

They worked cheaply and were used as strikebreakers.

They did not work hard.

. Which of the following statements best describes the development of mining in the West?

Most people made it rich early on, but then the mines dried up.

It ran its course in the nineteenth century after an early boom.

It was first dominated by individuals but later became industrialized in pursuit of deep veins.

None of the above

. Which of the following developments made migration easier in the late nineteenth century?

Advances in airplane technology

Cheaper steamship tickets

European prosperity

Low competition among steamship companies, which streamlined the migration process

. In the early twentieth century, increasing numbers of immigrants to the United States came from

Britain.

northern Europe.

Germany.

Eastern and southern Europe.

. Which two groups took over and sold much of the land in the West?

Native Americans and government homesteads

Speculators and railroads

The super-rich and their laborers

Cotton planters and enslaved people

.

Map shows The Growth of Railroads, 18 50 to 18 90 in North America. Railroads in operation in 1840 was in very few and short distances in the east of America. Railroads in operation in 18 70 were complex below the lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario and in east America. A single railroad line went from the central network to San Francisco. Railroads in operation in 19 20 were more complex in east and central America, and sparse but spread across west America.

Map 16-2: The Growth of Railroads, 1850-1890. Which factors allowed for such development?

Government land grants

Technological innovations in steel production

Neither a nor b

Both a and b

. After 1870, European instability spurred greater migration to America.

True

False

. Andrew Carnegie's successful career was a typical outcome for Americans who worked hard and were frugal.

True

False

. Big businesses were large factories owned and managed by the same person.

True

False

. The American economy was changed by big business.

True

False

. Conspicuous consumption became the defining characteristic of America's wealthy elite.

True

False

. A vertically integrated company is organized to promote cutthroat competition.

True

False

.

Men are shown as engaged in different activities of meat packaging. They stand near equipment and bodies of dead animals.

Packingtown. The photo illustrates one step in a horizontally integrated industry.

True

False

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