Chapter 8 Study Questions

What is enumerative induction? Provide an example to illustrate.
What is a target population? A sample? A relevant property?
In what ways can an enumerative induction fail to be strong?
What is a hasty generalization? Provide an example to illustrate.
What is the difference between a representative sample and a biased sample? Use examples to illustrate.
What two characteristics must a representative sample have?
What two characteristics must a credible opinion poll have?
What is the purpose of random sampling?
What is a common margin of error for national polls?
What is the usual confidence level in a national opinion poll?
What is a statistical syllogism? What makes a statistical syllogism strong or weak?
What is an analogy? Provide an example to illustrate.
What is the argument pattern of an analogical induction? How might an analogical induction be used in medical science? Law?
What are the four criteria for evaluating an argument by analogy?
What is a causal argument? Use an example to illustrate.
What are Mill’s methods?
How can you use the method of agreement or the method of difference to evaluate a causal argument?
How can someone be misled by coincidence? Provide an example to illustrate.
Describe the method of concomitant variation. How does it differ from the method of agreement?
What is the difference between a statistical syllogism and an enumerative induction? Provide examples to illustrate.
What does it mean to confuse cause and effect? Provide an example to illustrate.
What does it mean to confuse coincidence with cause? Provide an example to illustrate.
What does it mean to ignore the common causal factor? Provide an example to illustrate.
What does it mean to confuse cause with temporal order? Provide an example to illustrate.
What is the difference between a necessary and a sufficient condition? Provide examples to illustrate.