Chapter 11 Practice Quiz

. It is likely that health information in public circulation might be distorted or misleading when ________

. It is helpful to identify the key parts of an ethical argument in order to ________

. Suppose a lawyer were to argue the following: "If the accused committed the crime, then his blood would be in the bedroom; his blood is in the bedroom; so he must have committed the crime." That lawyer ________

. All of the statements below are types of standard ethical claims, except the following: ________

. An ethical theory that is based on rights and duties evaluates an action based on ________

. If an ethical argument concludes that we ought not to do X because it has undesirable consequences, then that argument most probably comes from ________

. If an ethical argument concludes that we ought to do X because it will manifest good character, then that argument most probably comes from ________

. If we assume that simply because A is followed by B, then A must have caused B, we commit the fallacy known as ________

. When health experts disagree about a health claim, we ________

. When health experts disagree, but you need to make a decision about your health, you should ________

. Causal reasoning provides conclusions that are necessary and universal.

. When there is significant disagreement among experts about a health issue, there is no basis for a non-expert to assess their respective conclusions.

. To claim that a particular remedy is effective just because everyone believes it is to commit the fallacy of appeal to popularity.

. In a courtroom setting it is not unusual for disputes about the conclusiveness of evidence to give rise to inductive arguments such as inference to the best explanation.

. The law classifies prohibited actions into categories that are never suited for the use of deductively valid arguments.

. Many criminal codes use categorical language to classify criminal offenses and their consequent punishments.

. In an ethical argument, a descriptive premise describes some condition or circumstance in the world that provides a link between an ethical principle and the conclusion of the argument.

. The concept of human rights derives from the ethical tradition known as deontology.

. The fact that a large proportion of people in a society think that a practice is ethically wrong is good reason to infer that it is, indeed, ethically wrong.

. In Canada, most newspaper reporters are well trained in evaluating health care advice.

. The tradition which grounds ethical arguments in rights and duties is referred to as deontology.

. The most basic skill when it comes to thinking critically about your health is the ability to engage in reasoning about causation.

. Very few significant health claims are answers to questions about causation.

. In evaluating health claims which take the form of causal explanations, we must be careful not to be misled by coincidence.

. We can take health claims found in the news at face value.

. The evidence marshalled over the past several decades that makes the claim that smoking cigarettes has a strong tendency to cause cancer is ________

. When evaluating risks, the human mind's tendency to think first of the most exciting and exotic possibilities is known as ________

. When considering whether the accused is guilty or innocent in the context of a criminal trial, we are looking for an argument that is ________

. The critical, structured examination of how we ought to behave when our behaviour affects others is known as ________

. An ethical argument that begins with the notion that there are certain kinds of actions that we must always do or avoid doing is known as ________

. An ethical argument that takes as a starting point the idea that our most fundamental ethical obligation is to produce certain kinds of outcomes is known as ________

. An ethical argument that proceeds from the assumption that what really matters ethically is character rather than the nature or outcome of particular actions is known as ________

. During criminal proceedings, the burden of proof rests squarely on the ________

. The availability error has to do with the human mind's tendency, when evaluating various risks, to think first of the most exciting and exotic possibilities. When this tendency is observed in physicians, it often takes the form of what is known as ________

. Expertise is always limited in ________

. In Canada, lawyers are not eligible to serve ________

. One example of faulty conditional reasoning we must beware of in legal contexts is ________

. In ethics, the most respected form of consequentialism is known as ________

. The ethical tradition referred to as deontology is most famously associated with ________

. The ethical tradition known as the virtue theory is associated historically with ________

. Prosecutors who argue that you must either convict the accused or let a vicious killer go free have offered the judge or jury ________

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