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Return to The Power of Critical Thinking, 6Ce Student Resources
Chapter 11 Practice Quiz
Quiz Content
*
not completed
.
It is likely that health information in public circulation might be distorted or misleading when ________
that information has been drawn from a wide spectrum of views, including those of dissenting experts.
correct
incorrect
the media responsible for circulating that information is extremely credible and has a proven track record of accuracy.
correct
incorrect
no relevant experts are cited or consulted in the report being circulated.
correct
incorrect
all experts support the same opinion.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
It is helpful to identify the key parts of an ethical argument in order to ________
better examine the internal structure of the ethical argument.
correct
incorrect
more explicitly reflect on the acceptability of its premises.
correct
incorrect
consider whether the conclusion follows from its premises.
correct
incorrect
All of the above
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
Suppose a lawyer were to argue the following: "If the accused committed the crime, then his blood would be in the bedroom; his blood is in the bedroom; so he must have committed the crime." That lawyer ________
has committed the fallacy of affirming the consequent.
correct
incorrect
has applied the valid reasoning of affirming the antecedent.
correct
incorrect
has committed the fallacy of
modus tollens
.
correct
incorrect
is begging the question regarding the guilt of the accused.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
All of the statements below are types of standard ethical claims, except the following: ________
"One should never perform action
X
."
correct
incorrect
"One should adopt a policy that would achieve consequence
Y
."
correct
incorrect
"Smith has never performed action
X
."
correct
incorrect
"One should be courageous."
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
An ethical theory that is based on rights and duties evaluates an action based on ________
a universal standard of duty that prohibits or requires an action apart from its consequences.
correct
incorrect
the character state of an agent.
correct
incorrect
the consequences of the action under consideration.
correct
incorrect
whether the action has the effect of maximizing human dignity.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
If an ethical argument concludes that we ought not to do
X
because it has undesirable consequences, then that argument most probably comes from ________
the virtue ethics tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
the deontological tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
the subjectivist tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
the consequentialist tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
If an ethical argument concludes that we ought to do
X
because it will manifest good character, then that argument most probably comes from ________
the virtue ethics tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
the deontological tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
the subjectivist tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
the consequentialist tradition of ethical thought.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
If we assume that simply because A is followed by B, then A must have caused B, we commit the fallacy known as ________
begging the question.
correct
incorrect
appeal to tradition.
correct
incorrect
affirming the consequent.
correct
incorrect
post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
When health experts disagree about a health claim, we ________
have a good reason to reject the claim.
correct
incorrect
are permitted to think whatever we already believe about the claim.
correct
incorrect
have a good reason to doubt the claim.
correct
incorrect
have no evidence in support of the claim.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
When health experts disagree, but you need to make a decision about your health, you should ________
stop listening to so-called "experts."
correct
incorrect
proportion your belief to the evidence.
correct
incorrect
accept the evidence which tends to confirm your prior beliefs about the claim.
correct
incorrect
suspend judgement.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
Causal reasoning provides conclusions that are necessary and universal.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
When there is significant disagreement among experts about a health issue, there is no basis for a non-expert to assess their respective conclusions.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
To claim that a particular remedy is effective just because everyone believes it is to commit the fallacy of appeal to popularity.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
In a courtroom setting it is not unusual for disputes about the conclusiveness of evidence to give rise to inductive arguments such as inference to the best explanation.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The law classifies prohibited actions into categories that are never suited for the use of deductively valid arguments.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
Many criminal codes use categorical language to classify criminal offenses and their consequent punishments.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
In an ethical argument, a descriptive premise describes some condition or circumstance in the world that provides a link between an ethical principle and the conclusion of the argument.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The concept of human rights derives from the ethical tradition known as deontology.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The fact that a large proportion of people in a society think that a practice is ethically wrong is good reason to infer that it is, indeed, ethically wrong.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
In Canada, most newspaper reporters are well trained in evaluating health care advice.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The tradition which grounds ethical arguments in rights and duties is referred to as deontology.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The most basic skill when it comes to thinking critically about your health is the ability to engage in reasoning about causation.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
Very few significant health claims are answers to questions about causation.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
In evaluating health claims which take the form of causal explanations, we must be careful not to be misled by coincidence.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
We can take health claims found in the news at face value.
True
correct
incorrect
False
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The evidence marshalled over the past several decades that makes the claim that smoking cigarettes has a strong tendency to cause cancer is ________
unlikely.
correct
incorrect
a health claim.
correct
incorrect
highly probable.
correct
incorrect
a post hoc fallacy.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
When evaluating risks, the human mind's tendency to think first of the most exciting and exotic possibilities is known as ________
appeal to tradition.
correct
incorrect
appeal to popularity.
correct
incorrect
argument from consequences.
correct
incorrect
the availability error.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
When considering whether the accused is guilty or innocent in the context of a criminal trial, we are looking for an argument that is ________
strong.
correct
incorrect
balanced.
correct
incorrect
common sense.
correct
incorrect
compelling.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The critical, structured examination of how we ought to behave when our behaviour affects others is known as ________
ethics.
correct
incorrect
burden of proof.
correct
incorrect
reasoning about causation.
correct
incorrect
arguing from character.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
An ethical argument that begins with the notion that there are certain kinds of actions that we must always do or avoid doing is known as ________
argument from consequences.
correct
incorrect
argument from character.
correct
incorrect
affirming the consequent.
correct
incorrect
argument from rights and duties.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
An ethical argument that takes as a starting point the idea that our most fundamental ethical obligation is to produce certain kinds of outcomes is known as ________
argument from character.
correct
incorrect
argument from rights and duties.
correct
incorrect
argument from consequences.
correct
incorrect
affirming the consequences.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
An ethical argument that proceeds from the assumption that what really matters ethically is character rather than the nature or outcome of particular actions is known as ________
argument from character.
correct
incorrect
argument from rights and duties.
correct
incorrect
argument from consequences.
correct
incorrect
post hoc ergo propter hoc.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
During criminal proceedings, the burden of proof rests squarely on the ________
defence.
correct
incorrect
prosecution.
correct
incorrect
criminal code.
correct
incorrect
judge.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The availability error has to do with the human mind's tendency, when evaluating various risks, to think first of the most exciting and exotic possibilities. When this tendency is observed in physicians, it often takes the form of what is known as ________
the "zebra problem."
correct
incorrect
hasty generalization.
correct
incorrect
unrepentant homeopaths.
correct
incorrect
appeal to popularity.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
Expertise is always limited in ________
conservatism.
correct
incorrect
scope.
correct
incorrect
fruitfulness.
correct
incorrect
testability.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
In Canada, lawyers are not eligible to serve ________
as judges.
correct
incorrect
food and alcoholic beverages.
correct
incorrect
as members of parliament.
correct
incorrect
as jurors.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
One example of faulty conditional reasoning we must beware of in legal contexts is ________
modus ponens
.
correct
incorrect
modus
.
correct
incorrect
false dilemma.
correct
incorrect
affirming the consequent.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
In ethics, the most respected form of consequentialism is known as ________
virtue theory.
correct
incorrect
utilitarianism.
correct
incorrect
deontology.
correct
incorrect
hedonism.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The ethical tradition referred to as deontology is most famously associated with ________
Immanuel Kant.
correct
incorrect
Aristotle.
correct
incorrect
John Stuart Mill.
correct
incorrect
Socrates.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
The ethical tradition known as the virtue theory is associated historically with ________
Immanuel Kant.
correct
incorrect
John Stuart Mill.
correct
incorrect
Aristotle.
correct
incorrect
Socrates.
correct
incorrect
*
not completed
.
Prosecutors who argue that you must either convict the accused or let a vicious killer go free have offered the judge or jury ________
an ad hominem argument.
correct
incorrect
a false dilemma.
correct
incorrect
a strong argument.
correct
incorrect
a compelling argument.
correct
incorrect
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