Chapter 08 Level 2 Quiz

Inductive Reasoning
. A sufficient condition for the occurrence of an event is ________.

. In enumerative induction, the observed members of the target group are called ________.

. A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative is known as a ________.

. A self-selecting sample is ________.

. When we reason from observations about some members of a group and end with a generalization about the whole group, we are using ________.

. The probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error is called the ________.

. The most common value among a series of values is called the ________.

. An opinion poll can fail to select a random sample if it features ________.

. The middle point of a series of values (in which half the values are above the point and half the values are below the point) is known as the ________.

. The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group is called the ________.

. The feature under study in a target group is called the ________.

. Argument by analogy, like all inductive reasoning, can establish conclusions ________.

. A comparison of two or more things alike in specific respects is called ________.

. To reason that because two things have some similarities they must be similar in another way is to use ________.

. The fallacy of reasoning that just because B followed A, A must have caused B is known as ________.

. Susan Blackmore argues that people's supposed experience of extrasensory perception, or ESP, is the result of ________.

. Opinion polls are examples of deductive logic.

. In statistical theory, the confidence level is the probability that the sample will accurately represent the target group within the margin of error.

. A sample that is not representative of its target group is called a simple sample.

. The variation between the values derived from a sample and the true values of the whole target group is the relevant property.

. Analogical induction argues that because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respect.

. A causal argument is an inductive argument whose conclusion contains a causal claim.

. When we draw a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size, we commit the error of hasty generalization.

. A necessary condition for the occurrence of an event is one that guarantees that the event occurs.

. When we try to show that a particular action is right or wrong, we often rely on argument by analogy.

. Causal arguments, being inductive, can give us indubitable conclusions.

. In causal reasoning, relevant factors include only those things that could possibly be causally connected to the occurrence of the phenomenon being studied.

. Most of the time, the biggest difficulty in evaluating causal connections is that there are so few relevant factors to consider.

. A particularly prevalent type of misjudgment about coincidences is the logical fallacy known as post hoc, ergo propter hoc.

. A necessary condition for the occurrence of an event is one without which the event cannot occur.

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