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Land tax paid based on the area of one’s holdings and types of crops cultivated.
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State or crown lands.
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A senior military position in the Abbasid caliphate that came to surpass the civilian bureaucracy, effectively relegating the caliphs to ceremonial figureheads by 936. The term is translated as “commander of commanders.”
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A tax paid by non-Muslims.
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Salary paid to the military and administrators in early Islam, often, at least in theory, determined by one’s sabiqa, or precedence in Islam.
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Located in central to southern Iraq, this was an area of rich alluvial plains fed by intricate canals and irrigation systems. It was critical to the financial health of the Abbasid caliphate.
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(Arabic: the way or path): Islamic law.
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The first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali) of the Islamic community following the death of Muhammad. They are believed by Muslims to be the “rightly guided ones.”
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alternate khalifa: Successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community.
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singular misr: Garrison towns established by Muslim armies in conquered lands. Many of these established the foundation for or actually became major cities throughout the region over time.
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A Muslim’s standing or precedence in the community, which often determined one’s salary (ata) and position.
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Spiritual leader of a Muslim community.