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Salary paid to the military and administrators in early Islam, often, at least in theory, determined by one’s sabiqa, or precedence in Islam.
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alternate khalifa: Successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community.
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A tax paid by non-Muslims.
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(Arabic: struggle): Often translated in the West as “holy war,” it has come to refer to those who fight in the way of Islam, or mujahideen (holy warriors). In traditional Islam, it refers as much to an inner struggle to become a better Muslim.
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A collection of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad that are considered the most important religious guide for Muslims apart from the Quran. Essentially the documentation of the Sunna or custom of the Prophet.
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State or crown lands.
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Located in central to southern Iraq, this was an area of rich alluvial plains fed by intricate canals and irrigation systems. It was critical to the financial health of the Abbasid caliphate.
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Land tax paid based on the area of one’s holdings and types of crops cultivated.
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A Muslim’s standing or precedence in the community, which often determined one’s salary (ata) and position.
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A senior military position in the Abbasid caliphate that came to surpass the civilian bureaucracy, effectively relegating the caliphs to ceremonial figureheads by 936. The term is translated as “commander of commanders.”
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Spiritual leader of a Muslim community.
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(Arabic: consultation): A committee or council, as well as the concept of “mutual consultation,” which the Quran prescribes as the preferred method for decision-making in government.