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Located in central to southern Iraq, this was an area of rich alluvial plains fed by intricate canals and irrigation systems. It was critical to the financial health of the Abbasid caliphate.
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A senior military position in the Abbasid caliphate that came to surpass the civilian bureaucracy, effectively relegating the caliphs to ceremonial figureheads by 936. The term is translated as “commander of commanders.”
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Spiritual leader of a Muslim community.
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Credibility
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Salary paid to the military and administrators in early Islam, often, at least in theory, determined by one’s sabiqa, or precedence in Islam.
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Raids or raiding among Bedouin Arabs.
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(Arabic: consultation): A committee or council, as well as the concept of “mutual consultation,” which the Quran prescribes as the preferred method for decision-making in government.
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A Muslim’s standing or precedence in the community, which often determined one’s salary (ata) and position.
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A collection of sayings of the Prophet Muhammad that are considered the most important religious guide for Muslims apart from the Quran. Essentially the documentation of the Sunna or custom of the Prophet.
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singular misr: Garrison towns established by Muslim armies in conquered lands. Many of these established the foundation for or actually became major cities throughout the region over time.
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State or crown lands.
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A tax paid by non-Muslims.