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The family of the Prophet Muhammad. Today, the monarchies in Jordan and Morocco claim descent from the family of the Prophet and therefore are considered Hashimite kingdoms.
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The square shrine (draped in black silk embroidered with gold) that sits at the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is considered the most holy site in Islam. It is the point of orientation for Muslim prayer.
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Sanctuary, often a religious sanctuary. Also a reference to forbidden areas.
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Lesser aristocracy that included administrators and tax collectors in the Sassanian Empire, many of whom continued in their occupations even after the Islamic conquest.
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Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, considered to be one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims are expected to undertake the hajj at least once in their lifetime if they are physically and financially able.
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The name of the ninth month in the Islamic calendar, it is also the holy month of fasting (sawm), one of the Five Pillars of Islam (Arkan al-Islam), the basic duties of a Muslim.
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Those who followed Muhammad and accompanied him from Mecca to Medina in the Hijra in 622 CE.
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Meaning “one nature,” it is a reference to Christians who believe that Jesus Christ has one divine nature and not both human and divine, as in Diophysism.
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The “doubters,” this is a reference to those in Medina during the Prophet Muhammad’s stay there who doubted the legitimacy of his religious claims and thus his political leadership.
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(Arabic: the helpers): These helpers were residents of Medina who took the Prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun) into their homes after the hijra from Mecca. They became an important interest group in early Islam.
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The direction of prayer for Muslims, which is toward the Kaaba, in the Great Mosque in Mecca.
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The tribe into which the Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca. It controlled trade and dominated in Mecca during the time of the Prophet.