Chapter 2 Matching Exercise

Meaning “two natures,” it is a reference to the Christian belief in the two natures of Jesus Christ, divine and human miraculously fused into one. It became the official religion of the Byzantine Empire at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE, in opposition to Monophysites.

(related, dhimmi) (Arabic: People of the Book): A term found in the Quran, designating Jews, Christians, and Sabians as believers in a revealed book, specifically the Bible or Torah. Special protections were extended to those deemed dhimmi or protected ones under Muslim rule, in return for a tax paid (jizya).

(Arabic: community): The collective community of Islamic people throughout the world.

Daily prayers recited by Muslims and one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Credibility

Giving of alms to the poor. It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Sacred profession of Islamic faith, translated as “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Messenger.” Muslims are called to recite this during each of their daily prayers, and it is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

Sanctuary, often a religious sanctuary. Also a reference to forbidden areas.

The family of the Prophet Muhammad. Today, the monarchies in Jordan and Morocco claim descent from the family of the Prophet and therefore are considered Hashimite kingdoms.

The direction of prayer for Muslims, which is toward the Kaaba, in the Great Mosque in Mecca.

The “doubters,” this is a reference to those in Medina during the Prophet Muhammad’s stay there who doubted the legitimacy of his religious claims and thus his political leadership.

(Arabic: migration): The Prophet Muhammad’s migration, along with his followers, from Mecca to Medina in 622.