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. Differing 'forms' of estoppel give rise to different rights. Match the relevant estoppels to those rights.

Can be used only as a shield, not as a cause of action.

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Can be used as a sword, that is, as a cause of action.

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. In Thorner v Major, the House of Lords recognised that David Thorner had a right to Steart Farm, part of the estate of his now deceased relative, Peter Thorner. What was the legal basis on which David acquired this right?

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. To make a claim under the doctrine of proprietary estoppel, the claimant only needs to show that it would be unconscionable for the defendant to assert his legal property right.

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. In relation to proprietary estoppel, '[T]he fundamental principle that equity is concerned to prevent _________ _________ permeates all the elements of the doctrine'. (NB two words are required).

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. Which of the following statements best captures the general approach of the courts when deciding how to satisfy a proprietary estoppel claim?

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. If a claimant has a proprietary estoppel claim but has yet to obtain a judgement in his or her favour, that 'potential' or 'inchoate' interest in land is not capable of binding a third party.

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