Chapter 7 Self-test questions

Learning
. Knowing how to do something, like drive a car or play a sport, is referred to as

. All of the following are examples of habituation, EXCEPT:

. In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus can only be associated with the unconditioned stimulus if

. When a dog has food placed in its mouth, the dog begins to salivate. The salivation behaviour is called the

. The stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and then associated with it is called the

. A light can be an unconditioned stimulus in a secondary conditioning experiment, if

. Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug. In classical conditioning, this is called

. If your professor ended certain class days by sounding a bullhorn and then offering sweet-smelling cookies to the class, you would start to salivate to the sound of the bullhorn. If, on other days, your professor ended class by ringing a hand bell, and not offering cookies, you would not salivate to the sound of the hand bell. The aspect of classical conditioning responsible for that phenomenon is

. All of the following statements about Watson and Rayner's (1920) "Little Albert" experiment are true, EXCEPT:

. This concept states that any neutral stimulus can be associated just as easily with one unconditioned stimulus as with any other.

. Which of the following best captures the essence of the law of effect?

. The "positive" and "negative" terms applied to reinforcement and punishment refer to

. When the frequency or probability of a behaviour is increased as a result of the addition or presentation of something following the performance of the behaviour, it is called

. In an attempt to get his class to quiet down more quickly, Dr. Johnson continuously sounds a very loud bullhorn until the class stops talking. This is an example of

. Among other things, food, water, and sex have been found to be the best

. Slot-machine players do not typically pause for rest following reinforcement, but rather, they continue to respond at high rates to reach the next pay-off. The schedule of reinforcement in effect here is

. Many operant conditioning programs set up in substance abuse treatment facilities, which work by reinforcing desired behaviours with prizes, chances to win prizes, or tokens that may be redeemed for various privileges, use this technique.

. This schedule of reinforcement, sometimes reinforcing hunting strategies in animals, and shopping strategies in humans, generally produces the lowest rate of responding because reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.

. If a behaviour, like playing a slot machine, is continuously reinforced, the behaviour is initially strong but

. Tolman's research on latent learning focused on distinguishing between learning and

. In the Tolman and Hoznik (1930) experiment on latent learning, the group of rats that were reinforced only after several days of navigating the maze without reinforcement showed a(n)

. In the original version of Bandura's experiment, preschoolers were left in the company of an adult model who would either punch and kick an inflatable clown doll ("Bobo")—the kind with a rounded, weighted base that springs back up when knocked down—or, in the control conditions, the adult would

. According to a study by Breland and Breland (1961), it was no trouble to condition a raccoon to slip coins into the slot on a laboratory "piggy bank." However, the raccoon would not let the coins go, but dipped them in and out of the slot, and rubbed them together in his paws. This was because

. Which of the following does NOT describe one of the four stages in the process of vicarious conditioning?

. The Premack principle states that

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