Chapter 6 Self-test questions

. If one were to settle on a single description of consciousness it would most likely include:

a universal aspect of life on earth

every person's universal experience of feelings

a unique phenomenon confined to the human mind

each person's unique subjective experience in the world

. It is said that consciousness cannot exist independent of its "owner," which means that it

is subjective

can be derived from objective experience

exists without external stimulation

is innate

. Which of the following is a difficulty identified by the "hard problem" of consciousness?

The mind evolved from the primitive brains of Neanderthals.

The brain integrates sensations from different sensory modalities.

The brain's processes lead to a subjective conscious state.

The brain and the mind are distinctively different.

. Which of the following is NOT considered an altered state of consciousness (ASC)?

dreaming

divided attention

hypnosis

meditation

. Tang et al (2017) carried out a survey of over 30,000 people in the UK and found that 77% reported sleeping

6–8 hours a night

4–6 hours a night

8–10 hours a night

10+ hours a night

. The circadian pacemaker of the body is located in this brain region

hippocampus

hypothalamus

insula

nucleus accumbens

. Melatonin is produced by this gland, and it is stimulated during periods of darkness and inhibited by exposure to light

adrenal

cortisol

pineal

progesterone

. EEG studies of REM sleep have revealed which of the following?

an increase in the incidence of sleepwalking

an increase of activity throughout the brain and nervous system

a decrease in activity in the pons region of the brain

the urge to act out one's dreams

. Stage 2 sleep lasts only about 10 to 20 minutes and is characterized by these sudden, short bursts of higher voltage brain activity

k-complexes

hypnogogia

REM dreams

sleep spindles

. Apex dreaming occurs mainly during this part of the sleep cycle

NREM

REM

Stage 3

Stage 2

. The unemotional and non-hallucinatory types of dreams that occur during NREM can be called

sleepwalking

sleep thinking

ordinary dreaming

sleep mentation

. Which of the following describes the most likely scenario regarding a young adult's dreaming experience?

Julia is having reoccurring nightmares about an abusive sexual encounter with an ex-boyfriend.

When Adam recalls his dreams, they tend to involve some sexual experience with a woman.

Last night Denise dreamt that she arrived at class but had forgotten her calculator and therefore could not take her exam.

A week ago Ralph told a friend of his that he has been dreaming about his own death.

. According to research what percent of adults report experiencing some sleep disturbance?

20%

33%

50%

8%

. If you are having trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or generally getting a restful sleep most nights, you probably are suffering from

narcolepsy

parasomnia

insomnia

sleep apnea

. When the airways are constricted in people with this sleep disorder, they often awaken hundreds of times during the night without fully becoming aroused.

narcolepsy

obstructive sleep apnea

REM sleep behaviour disorder

insomnia

. According to this view of hypnosis, immersing one's hand in ice water for a prolonged period yet feeling no pain is evidence that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness is called a(n):

special state

nonstate

imagination

magical thinking

. Any substance with properties that affect mental life or consciousness is called a(n):

illicit drug

psychedelic drug

psychoactive drug

psychiatric drug

. Most modern researchers and practitioners prefer to use this word instead of the word addiction

tolerance

dependence

withdrawal

craving

. Morphine is one of the most powerful and effective members of this class of drugs

alkaloids

stimulants

NSAIDs

narcotics

. Compared to cocaine use, when using amphetamines

the highs are longer lasting

the withdrawal is more psychological than physical

the experience is less likely to result in euphoria

the increased energy lasts about 15 minutes

. More users who try this stimulant ultimately become dependent upon it than any other drug, including heroin and cocaine

amphetamine

nicotine

caffeine

methamphetamine

. All of the drugs called psychedelics are similar in that

the potential for dependence on these drugs is exceptionally low

the psychological effects are invariant from one person to the next

use of the drugs is much more common in an urban cultural setting

the experience of using has many psychological benefits

. Which of the following statements about Ecstasy is NOT supported by research?

Most of the risks of Ecstasy use appear to result from extremely heavy use.

Ecstasy has not been proven to cause brain damage in humans.

There have been very few deaths reliably attributed to Ecstasy taken alone.

Ecstasy is the safest drug to be taken along with alcohol.

. This type of apex dream is where the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming

Ordinary dream

Insomnia

Lucid dream

Parasomnias

. In consciousness studies, the idea that consciousness is always a single, unified experience is known as

unity

solidarity

subjectivity

the hard problem

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