Chapter 15 Self-test questions

Personality
. People are not merely a random collection of traits, meaning that people's personalities are

. The id is driven primarily by the impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain, known as the

. When an individual is met with feelings of guilt or shame, it is likely because of this part of the psyche.

. The correct order of the stages of psychosexual development is

. Freud's conception of the conflicts arising in the phallic stage is problematic because

. Freud used the term dynamic processes to refer to

. Behaviourist theories of personality describe personality characteristics in terms of

. According to humanists, the approval and love we receive from important people in our lives should be freely given. This is called

. According to this theory, self-esteem acts as a psychological buffer against the pervasive general anxiety all human beings feel when faced with the knowledge of their own inevitable death.

. These are relatively stable personality characteristics, attributes, and motivations that can be commonly captured in adjectives.

. This superordinate trait dimension describes to the degree to which a person is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful, versus assertive, outgoing, and sociable.

. The "Big Five" personality dimensions that make up the five-factor model can be expressed in this acronym

. According to this idea, the very concepts "traits" and "personality" are not particularly meaningful when it comes to behaviour, and in fact may be little more than illusions.

. In order to understand your friends' individual personalities, their individual trait scores are not enough. Walter Mischel would say you must also understand each person's

. All of the following are examples of results that illustrate that astrology is a pseudo-science, EXCEPT:

. Genetic studies conducted using the Big Five and Eysenck's two superordinate factors as indicators of personality show that approximately this percentage of the differences among people in these traits is due to genetic factors.

. In Judith Harris's account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his or her unique identity and contributions.

. Anthony Terracciano found that national-character stereotypes, like egocentric Americans and industrious East-Asians, tend to be

. In personality assessment, a projective test is one that utilizes

. Critics charge that the standards for scoring the Rorschach may cause psychologically normal people to appear to have serious psychological disturbances, thus the tests are not

. This is the first, and probably still the most frequently used, objective test of personality.

. This technique is based on the fact that people who have certain traits or are experiencing certain states (e.g., paranoia, or anxiety) tend to endorse certain statements as true about themselves while identifying other statements as false.

. If a researcher examines rank order stability in personality traits, he or she compares

. For many people, goals, values, beliefs, social roles, and plans may change considerably over the life span. This aspect of personality has been termed

. This term refers to a measure of personality stability based upon the pattern of rank order of traits for each person in a sample from one measurement period to the next

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