Chapter 12 Self-test questions

Children are said to construct these units of knowledge that serve as cognitive models of the world.

assimilations

schemas

accommodations

conservations

When Fabio was about 13 months old, he had just learned the word dog. One day he looked out of the car window, pointed to a cow in a field and delightedly observed, "dog!" This is an example of

accommodation

assimilation

schema acquisition

language detection

The stage in which a child begins to develop the understanding that an object may retain its identity even if its appearance is changed for some reason is known as the __ stage.

formal operational

preoperational

sensorimotor

concrete operational

Nine-year-old Michael knows that when his teacher pours liquid from one of two identical containers into a taller, slimmer container, the amount of liquid is the same in both containers. Michael is most likely in this developmental stage.

preoperational

sensorimotor

formal operational

concrete operational

This level of morality is characterized by an application of societal rules and is most common in early adolescence.

preconventional

conventional

postconventional

epiconventional

Haidt (2001) proposed that members of Western cultures often utilized this foundation of morality when evaluating moral scenarios.

respect for authority

fairness and justice

purity and sanctity

loyalty to one's group

This proxy psychological measure is often used to assess recognition in a foetus

Foetal heart rate

Foetal movement

Foetal brain activation

Maternal heart rate

According to research, it is believed that infants

are able to make some but not all of the same fundamental assumptions about the physical attributes of objects made by adults

do not make the same fundamental assumptions about the physical attributes of objects that are made by adults

make the same fundamental assumptions about the physical attributes of objects made by adults

Are born with very little perceptual abilities

This view help by some developmental psychologists argues that most or all mental characteristics are acquired through experience

dualism

empiricism

nativism

fundamentalism

According to Piaget's theory of constructivism

Children are believed to be 'blank slates' to be 'written on' by the environment

Children come into the world equipped with certain knowledge

Children actively construct an understanding of the world based on experience and their stage of psychological and biological maturation

Children are biologically programmed to understand the world

According to Piaget's theory _ is the primary reason why learning and cognitive development are such active processes

parenting

biology

assimilation

agency

Piaget believed that children passed through four distinct changes of development that were invariant, this means that

Children passed through these stages, but the order in which they passed through them may differ

Children passed through these stages in the same order

Children spend the same length of time in each stage of development

Children may skip stages throughout development

This term refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even if they are no longer in view

accommodation

assimilation

object permanence

constructionism

According to Piaget, at this stage of development the child lacks the ability to see things from the perspective of another person - they are egocentric.

preoperational

sensorimotor

formal operational

concrete operational

In this type of design, participants take part in all of the conditions of an experiment

Between-groups design

Experimental design

Correlational design

Within-groups design

According to Vygotskian theory, children's understanding firstly exists between the child and their instructor on the __.

instrumental plane

intermental plane

intramental plane

zone of proximal development

According to Vygotsky, the processes by which the expert instructor provides assistance to the learner is known as

scaffolding

the intermental plane

the intramental plane

the zone of proximal development

Haidt (2007) proposed five psychological foundations of which all moral systems are built. Which ONE below does not describe one of these foundations?

Fairness and justice

Purity and sanctity

Empathy and accountability

Respect for authority

Research by Baron-Cohen and colleagues (1985) found evidence that autistic children's performance of a false-belief task was

Much lower than children without a diagnosis and those with Down's syndrome

Similar to children with Down's syndrome

Similar to children without a diagnosis

Much higher than children with Down's syndrome

This approach believes that each cognitive function depends on a specific brain system or module

domain-general

innatist modular

constructivist

intentional-modular

Children with Williams syndrome are characterised by:

Rich verbal skills but low scores on social interaction and non-verbal IQ

Rich verbal skills and social interaction but low scores on non-verbal IQ

Rich non-verbal skills and social interaction but low scores on verbal IQ

Rich social interaction but low scores on verbal and non-verbal IQ

It is now widely believed that Piaget's constructivist theory of cognitive development

Underestimated younger children's cognitive abilities

Overestimated older children's cognitive abilities

Underestimated older children's cognitive abilities

Underestimated younger children's cognitive abilities and overestimated older children's cognitive abilities

Query for client

According to Kohlberg, during this stage of moral development, individuals begin to appreciate and prioritize more abstract ideas as opposed to rules

conventional level

postconventional

preconventional

formal operational

According to research using False belief tasks, there appears to be a significant shift in theory of mind abilities at age

3

4

5

1

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