Chapter 11 Self-test questions

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. When this dimension of temperament is high in an infant, he or she should be able to inhibit inappropriate behaviours.

effortful control correct incorrect

negative emotionality correct incorrect

secure attachment correct incorrect

extraversion correct incorrect

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. All of the following are true regarding temperament, EXCEPT:

Temperament can be observed shortly after a baby is born. correct incorrect

Temperament is not a biologically based phenomenon. correct incorrect

Personality traits can sometimes be predicted by an infant's temperament. correct incorrect

Temperament can play a role in the type of attachment a child forms with his or her caregivers. correct incorrect

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. The unique experiences of each infant that contribute to the environmental portion of temperament and other developmental phenomenon are termed the

Non-shared environment correct incorrect

biological environment correct incorrect

shared environment correct incorrect

ecological environment correct incorrect

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. Children develop an ___ of the world as they begin socially interacting with caregivers.

internal working model correct incorrect

expectation system correct incorrect

assimilation model correct incorrect

attachment paradigm correct incorrect

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. Fourteen-month-old Elsie shows little distress when her mother leaves her with her aunt, but also shows little interest in interacting with her when she returns. Elsie's attachment style is

secure correct incorrect

unorganized correct incorrect

insecure-ambivalent correct incorrect

avoidant correct incorrect

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. Two-year-old Brandon is always on high alert. When his mother leaves him in the care of his grandmother, he is often inconsolable, even when his mother returns to try and ease the stress of the situation. Brandon exhibits this attachment style.

insecure-ambivalent correct incorrect

avoidant correct incorrect

secure correct incorrect

unorganized correct incorrect

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. Good evidence of the importance of peers in the United States comes from observations that adolescents engage in this activity more than anything else, besides schoolwork.

quietly reading correct incorrect

talking with parents correct incorrect

talking with peers correct incorrect

spending time alone correct incorrect

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. Infants can be characterised as high in this dimension if they are easily frustrated, sad, uncomfortable, or difficult to sooth

effortful control correct incorrect

negative emotionality correct incorrect

avoidance correct incorrect

extraversion correct incorrect

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. According to Rothbart (2007) some aspects of temperament are apparent

by 6 months correct incorrect

at birth correct incorrect

in the foetus correct incorrect

by 3 years of age correct incorrect

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. Children with this type of attachment typically use anger and control as their main coping strategies.

secure attachment correct incorrect

insecure-ambivalent attachment correct incorrect

avoidance attachment correct incorrect

unorganised attachment correct incorrect

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. Research by Fuertes et al (2006) followed 48 infant-mother dyads from birth to 12 months. It was found that attachment type at 12 months was predicted by:

Maternal sensitivity at nine months correct incorrect

Paternal sensitivity and maternal sensitivity at nine months correct incorrect

Maternal sensitivity at nine months and temperament at one and three months correct incorrect

Temperament at one and three months correct incorrect

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. Banse (2004) examined the relationship between attachment type and marital satisfaction and found all EXCEPT:

satisfaction of each partner was positively related to secure attachment in self and partner correct incorrect

scores for each of the insecure attachment types, correlated negatively with marital satisfaction correct incorrect

where both partners had secure attachment status, satisfaction was greatest correct incorrect

Satisfaction for females was positively related to secure attachment type but not for males correct incorrect

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. This type of attachment has been found to increase the vulnerability to mental health disorders

dysfunctional attachment correct incorrect

secure attachment correct incorrect

insecure attachment correct incorrect

withdrawal attachment correct incorrect

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. The 'child care wars' refers to

The split between research suggesting positive effects and negative effects of day care correct incorrect

The conflict between psychologists and child care providers correct incorrect

The split between parents who send their children to childcare and those that do not correct incorrect

The split between children who benefit from childcare provisions and those who do not correct incorrect

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. According to research by Andersson (1996) children who had spent time in day care:

Showed higher levels of behavioural problems and were more likely to have insecure attachments at 13 years. correct incorrect

Scored lower in both educational achievement and social skills at age 13 years. correct incorrect

Scored higher in both educational achievement and social skills at age 13 years. correct incorrect

Showed lower levels of behavioural problems at 13 years. correct incorrect

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. This term is used when talking about young children, and to refer to the effects of living full time in a hospital or orphanage

institutionalization correct incorrect

deinstitutionalization correct incorrect

adoption correct incorrect

dehumanization correct incorrect

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. Experiences of severely deprived Romanian orphans provides evidence for the importance of

cultural bias in research correct incorrect

critical or sensitive periods correct incorrect

unethical research practice correct incorrect

sex differences in cognitive development correct incorrect

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. The importance of peer relationships

decreases throughout childhood correct incorrect

increases throughout childhood correct incorrect

decreases throughout adolescence correct incorrect

increases in middle-age correct incorrect

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. It has been suggested that friendships can compensate for poor family relationships, however this may be difficult given that

Children with poor family relationships do not attend child care correct incorrect

Children with poor family relationships typically befriend children with poor family relationships correct incorrect

Children with secure attachments find it harder to form and maintain friendships correct incorrect

Children with insecure attachments find it harder to form and maintain friendships correct incorrect

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. At this age, children will help each other, for example by reaching for objects that others cannot reach.

12 months correct incorrect

2 years correct incorrect

18 months correct incorrect

36 months correct incorrect

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. Hinde et al (1985) defined friends as children who choose to play together more than what percentage of the time?

50% correct incorrect

33% correct incorrect

80% correct incorrect

90% correct incorrect

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. According to O'Brien and Bierman (1988) younger participants in their study tended to define friendship groups _.

behaviourally correct incorrect

emotionally correct incorrect

arbitrarily correct incorrect

based on shared values and appearance correct incorrect

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. According to Coie and Dodge (1983) there are this amount of categories of sociometric status.

Eight correct incorrect

Two correct incorrect

Four correct incorrect

Five correct incorrect

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. According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, the first attachment relationship is generally formed with the

infants siblings correct incorrect

primary caregiver correct incorrect

grandparents correct incorrect

midwife that delivered the baby correct incorrect

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. In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, the mother and her infant play alone in a room, when who enters?

the child's father correct incorrect

the child's siblings correct incorrect

a stranger correct incorrect

a familiar researcher correct incorrect