Chapter 12 Learning Objectives

12.1 Know that health outcomes are stratified by race, class, gender, citizenship, education, geographical location, income as well as the interaction between these factors for any given individual.

12.2 Identify how health and illness are shaped by social factors such as cultural beliefs, historical experiences, social institutions, and the physical and social environment.

12.3 Understand the way stigma, labeling and medicalization affect the definition and experience of health.

12.4 Understand that the social responses to health, illness, and disability vary across time and place. There are different organizational and economic arrangements for health care, and these also change over time.