Basic International Society Approach

5.01. Here, the University of Leeds provides documents and papers, as well as information on conferences and working groups dedicated to reconvening the English School of International Relations Theory. 
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/englishschool/

5.02. Click here to read a paper on “Hedley Bull and International Security”, written by Samuel M. Makinda. The paper is provided by the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
http://bellschool.anu.edu.au/experts-publications/publications/1743/hedley-bull-and-international-security

5.03. In another paper, originally published in British Journal of International Studies, vol. 2, 1996, Hedley Bull delivers the speech ‘Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations: The Second Martin Wight Memorial Lecture’ where he discusses the merits of Martin Wight’s approach to international relations. 
http://press.anu.edu.au/node/391/download

5.04. A classical realist work is The Prince written by Niccoló Machiavelli. Click here to read the full text of the work, provided by Project Gutenberg. 
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1232

5.05. Click here for the full text of Hugo Grotius’ classical work On the Law of War and Peace. The text is provided by Constitution Society.
http://www.constitution.org/gro/djbp.htm

5.06. Click here to read the full text of Immanuel Kant’s Perpetual Peace. The text is provided by Constitution Society.
http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm

5.07. In this piece, Caspian Richards provides “A Commentary to the ‘Perpetual Peace’ of Immanuel Kant”. The commentary was published by the Internet journal Paideusis – Journal of Interdisciplinary and Cross Cultural Studies, vol. 2, 1999.
http://www.oocities.org/paideusis/e1n2cr.html

5.08. The homepage of the United Nations provides information about the UN as well as links to institutions operating within the UN framework.
http://www.un.org/

5.09. Click here to read the full text of the UN Charter. The site is maintained by University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.
http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/aunchart.htm

5.10. Click here for access to a comprehensive collection of official UN documents, hosted by the UN itself.
http://www.un.org/en/documents/index.shtml

5.11. Click here for an overview of the Cold War. The site is hosted by Wikipedia.com.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War

 

Diplomacy: The art of statecraft

5.12. This site provides an archive on all sorts of diplomacy put together by Stephen Agar.
http://www.diplomacy-archive.com/

5.13. Here are some more links to the world of diplomacy on the Internet, maintained by Stephen Agar.
http://www.diplomacy-archive.com/resources/links.htm

5.14. Click here to read the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocols. This page is maintained by the United Nations.
http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf

Order and justice

5.15. In this paper, originally published in the journal Political Studies in September 1971, Hedley Bull writes about ‘Order vs. Justice in International Society’.
http://epress.anu.edu.au/sdsc/hedley/mobile_devices/ch08.html#d0e2709

 

5.16. University of Kent at Canterbury provides a comprehensive list of links to international law.
http://www.kent.ac.uk/lawlinks/internationallaw.html

5.17. Click here for UN resources on international law and justice.
http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/international-law-and-justice/index.html

5.18. In the paper “The Waning of the Sovereign State: Towards a New Paradigm for International Law”, Christoph Schreuer explores the consequences of the changes in sovereignty as regards international law. The paper was published in The European Journal of International Law.
http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1213.pdf

5.19. Click here for a discussion of the definition of distributive justice. 
http://www.distributive-justice.com

5.20. Click here for the homepage of the International Court of Justice.
http://www.icj-cij.org/

5.21. In the paper “Peace-building by the rule of law: An examination of intervention in the form of international tribunals”, Hideaki Shinoda highlights the role of international criminal tribunals in international relations. 
http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol7_1/Shinoda.htm

5.22. “The World War I Document Archive” contains official documents, conventions, treaties and memorials related to the First World War.
http://www.gwpda.org/

5.23. This site contains a comprehensive list of documents, public speeches, and treaties from World War II, including the Yalta Agreement and the Atlantic Charter. The site is maintained by the Avalon Project at Yale Law School.
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/wwii.asp

Human Rights

5.24. Click here for the Human Rights Web which provides an introduction to the issue as well as links to debates plus legal and political documents on human rights.
http://www.hrweb.org/

5.25. Human Rights Internet is an excellent gateway to all sorts of web resources on human rights, including documents and research programs.
http://www.hri.ca/

5.26. This site contains information about the UN’s view of human rights, including the full text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The site is maintained by the UN.
http://www.ohchr.org/hrc/Pages/redirect.aspx

5.27. Click here for information about EU’s human rights policy. The website is maintained by the EU and contains, among other things, EU declarations and information about activities aimed at promoting human rights. 
http://europa.eu/pol/rights/index_en.htm

5.28. The website of the United for Human Rights (UHR) provides a comprehensive collection of links to the homepages of NGO's working with human rights – among others, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch.
http://www.humanrights.com/voices-for-human-rights/human-rights-organizations/non-governmental.html

5.29. Click here to find links to international conventions concerning human rights. The site is hosted by The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Search.aspx?q=human+rights

5.30. This article by Gareth Evan discusses the transition from humanitarian intervention to responsibility to protect. The article is provided by Münster University.
https://www.fh-muenster.de/humanitaere-hilfe/downloads/Evans_-_Responsibility_To_Protect.pdf

Pluralism vs. Solidarism

5.31. The International Committee of the Red Cross has collected a wide range of links on international humanitarian law.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/index.jsp

5.32. Human Rights Research and Education Centre. This site, through the University of Ottawa, provides links to many international and Canadian human rights sites.
http://cdp-hrc.uottawa.ca/

5.33. Click here to read an essay written by Noam Chomsky on the notion of humanitarian intervention. The site, hosted by Boston Review, also provides links to other essays on the topic.
http://bostonreview.net/world/possibility-humanitarian-intervention

5.34. Click here for a link to a UN chronicle article discussing the prospects of “Reconciling Non-Intervention and Human Rights”. The article is written by Douglas T. Stuart.
http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-80516648/reconciling-non-intervention-and-human-rights

5.35. In this paper about ‘Who Intervenes and Why it Matters: The Problem of Agency in Humanitarian Intervention’ Eric A. Heinze of the University of Oklahoma argues that “the efficacy of a potential intervener depends not only on its military wherewithal, but also on certain non-material factors than can affect its ability to effectively exercise this power”. The paper is provided by University of Denver.
http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/workingpapers/2007/45-heinze-2007.pdf

5.36. In September 1999, the Security Council of the UN adopted a resolution on the fighting in Yugoslavia. Click here to read Resolution 713. The site is maintained by NATO.
http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u910925a.htm

5.37. This report, written by Enver Hasani, deals with ”the issue of self-determination, territorial integrity and international stability, within the Yugoslav context”. The report is provided by the Austrian Ministry of Defence.
http://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/hasa03.pdf

5.38. Click here to read the full text of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Dayton Agreement). The text is provided by the Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
http://www.ohr.int/?page_id=1252

5.39. On this site, NATO provides information about its role in Kosovo, from the historical background to the most recent events.
http://www.nato.int/kosovo/kosovo.htm

5.40. Click here for a paper which discusses the legitimacy of NATO’s 1999 intervention in Kosovo. The paper is written by Hideaki Shinoda.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40644992

5.41. This site contains “an in-depth examination of the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf crisis” made by FRONTLINE.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/

5.42. Click here to read Resolution 678 from the UN Security Council. The resolution provided the basis for international intervention in the Persian Gulf crisis between Iraq and Kuwait in 1991. The site is maintained by the UN.
http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/687.pdf

5.43. This site contains a comprehensive list of links about the history of imperialism. The website is powered by Fordham University, New York. The site could be useful for the case study question for chapter 5.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook34.html

 

History and the International Society Approach

5.44. Click here to read Barry Buzan and Richard Little’s foreword to Adam Watson’s reissued book The Evolution of International Society. The page is provided by Amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/Evolution-International-Society-Comparative-introduction/dp/0415452104

5.45. Click here to read an excerpt of Barry Buzan’s recent book on the English School. The page is provided by Amazon.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Introduction-English-School-International-Relations/dp/0745653154

5.46. Click here to read an excerpt from Barry Buzan and Richard Little’s International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations. The page is provided by Amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/International-Systems-World-History-Relations/dp/0198780656

 

Critiques of International Society

5.47. Click here to read Martha Finnemore’s 2001 article ‘Exporting the English School’.
https://scholar.google.dk/scholar?hl=da&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Martha+Finnemore+2001+%E2%80%98Exporting+the+English+School%E2%80%99+review+of+international+studies&btnG=

5.48. Click here to read an excerpt from Linklater and Suganami’s The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment. The page is provided by Amazon.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/English-School-International-Relations-Contemporary/dp/0521675049

 

 Assignments

1. Check the website for links on European imperialism and look for various texts and statements that indicate at least two important reasons why European powers decolonised.

2. Check the website for links on armed humanitarian intervention, for example in Somalia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, East Timor, or Libya. Organize the texts you find on one or more of these cases and try to answer the question: how far do they indicate the existence of an international society versus the existence of merely an international system?