Chapter 8 Matching Activity

An 1870 constitutional amendment forbidding discrimination in voting on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

A university located in Nashville, Tennessee, founded in 1866 to offer higher education to African American students.

A massacre of captured U.S. troops, half of whom were Black, ordered by General Nathan Bedford Forrest when Fort Pillow fell to Confederate troops in the spring of 1864.

The practice of a tenant farming the landlord’s ground for a share of the crop, sold when the harvest came in. This was the only available form of employment to many formerly enslaved people in the post–Civil War South and became a way of maintaining wealthy white power, ensuring Black indebtedness and dependence on white landowners.

The separation of Black and white people into separate racial groups in daily life.

Abraham Lincoln’s declaration of freedom for enslaved people living in Confederate-controlled areas on January 1, 1863.

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands, a government agency formed in 1865 and administered by the army in the area of the former Confederacy. It afforded aid and protection to freed people and assistance to poor white southerners.

One of many white terrorist organizations associated with the bitterest and most violent opponents of Reconstruction and Black freedom. Formed in Pulaski, Tennessee, in late 1865, Klan members devoted themselves to denying African Americans any legitimate role in the public sphere, stressing the superiority of white, Protestant, Anglo-Saxon citizens.

U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the legality of Jim Crow laws, declaring that segregation based on race was constitutional as long as “separate” facilities were “equal.” It soon became clear, however, that facilities for Black Americans, such as schools, railroad cars, and waiting rooms, were rarely, if ever, equal to those provided for white people.

Organizations established by former abolitionists to aid formerly enslaved people, one of which provide food and medical supplies to the Exodusters in Kansas.

An 1868 constitutional amendment removing racial restrictions on citizenship and mandating equal justice before the law.

The period following the Civil War when radical Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policy, enacting legislation to protect the rights of Black citizens, especially the people recently freed from slavery.