Chapter 4 Quiz

. Which source contributes to the oxygen stores of the Australian sea lion?

O₂ in the lungs

O₂ attached to blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin

O₂ attached to blood hemoglobin and O₂ in the lungs

O₂ in the lungs and O₂ attached to blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin

. Which statement regarding oxygen storage ability in Australian sea lions (aged 6 months to adult) is most accurate?

By the time they have reached adulthood, sea lions have increased their lung capacity per gram 4-fold.

By the time they have reached adulthood, the amount of O₂ that can be stored per gram of tissue has tripled.

By the time they have reached adulthood, their muscle myoglobin has a significantly higher affinity for O_2.

By the time they have reached adulthood, sea lions more than double their concentration of hemoglobin per unit of blood volume.

. _______ is the study of how animals function through all the successive stages of growth.

Developmental physiology

Ecology

Physiology

Developmental ontogeny

. The physiology of very young animals _______ differs from that of adults.

always

sometimes

seldom

never

. Compared to rats, humans have

a brain that uses much less energy per gram.

faster reproductive development.

a smaller brain to body ratio as infants.

faster brain development relative to their reproductive age.

. Which statement regarding white-footed mouse development is true?

At birth, white-footed mice have full thermoregulatory capacity.

White-footed mice are born with fur.

Metabolic rate increases dramatically during the nestling period.

The lowest temperature at which isolated individuals can thermoregulate increases after birth.

. During early development in the killifish (8 days old), what is responsible for osmoregulation in seawater?

Osmolytes

Kidneys

Chloride cells

Gills

. The ability of an animal (with a fixed genotype) to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes is called

developmental physiology.

phenotypic plasticity.

genotypic plasticity.

genotype-environment interaction.

. How does the environment affect growth in children?

Environmental challenges tend to enhance growth.

Environment has very little effect on growth.

Environment tends to affect only humans of certain ethnic backgrounds.

Environmental stresses tend to impair growth.

. What is the developmental relationship between marine periwinkle snails and crabs?

Marine periwinkles develop thicker shells in waters with crabs present.

Marine periwinkles develop faster and become larger in waters with crabs present.

Crabs migrate during the development of marine periwinkles.

Crabs sense developmental byproducts of marine periwinkles and avoid them.

. Low _______ diets during postnatal development _______ affect spatial learning in rats.

caloric; permanently

protein; permanently

protein; temporarily

caloric; temporarily

. _______ is a phenomenon in which genetically identical individuals can assume two or more distinct body forms, induced by differences in the environment.

Environmental plasticity

Developmental plasticity

Polyphenic development

Phenotypic polyphenism

. Which cue is responsible for producing the two phenotypes in the western white butterfly?

Temperature

Day length

Predator density

Both temperature and day length

. What is the proposed advantage to locusts adopting the gregarious phenotype?

Gregarious locusts have a greater chance of finding mates.

Gregarious locusts have a greater chance of cryptic avoidance of predators.

Gregarious locusts have the advantage of safety in numbers.

The voracious behavior of swarms enables locusts in a swarm to collect large quantities of food.

. Epigenetics refers to

modifications of gene expression (with changes in DNA sequence) that are transmitted when genes replicate.

modifications of gene expression (with no change in DNA sequence) that are transmitted when genes replicate.

modifications in genotype during recombination.

genetic code changes that alter gene expression in the subsequent generation.

. In some forms of epigenetic modification, when a gene is "marked," its

expression is permanently altered.

expression is semi-permanently altered.

genetic code is permanently modified.

genetic code is temporarily modified.

. The major mechanism(s) of epigenetic marking is(are)

DNA methylation.

covalent modification of histones.

DNA methylation and base pair substitution.

DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones.

. The Dutch Hunger Winter study correlated _______ with subsequent _______.

malnutrition; epigenetic marking

malnutrition; reduced reproductive output

hunger; reduced fitness

malnutrition; lung disease

. When all of the epigenetic marks in a cell or tissue are described together as a set, this global summary of marks is termed the

epigenome.

methylome.

genome.

mark set.

. Which situation has been shown to demonstrate epigenetic marking?

Birds learning the North Star.

Marine molluscs forming thicker shells in the presence of predators.

Honeybees fed royal jelly to produce a queen.

Children not reaching their full potential height due to lack of nutrients.

Chapter 4 Quiz

Quiz Content