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Chapter 19 Quiz
Return to Animal Physiology 4e Student Resources
Chapter 19 Quiz
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Invertebrates have often been used in motor control studies because
invertebrates have many more motor neurons in a single pathway compared to vertebrates.
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individual neurons are simpler in invertebrates than in vertebrates, and therefore motor control pathways are also simpler.
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motor control pathways in invertebrates are all reflex pathways and therefore are simpler than pathways in vertebrates.
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often only a few neurons are involved in a particular step in an invertebrate motor control pathway.
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The 1a afferent fibers associated with muscle spindles increase their action potential frequency only when the muscle
shortens more than expected during a voluntary contraction.
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shortens involuntarily or shortens more than expected during a voluntary contraction.
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lengthens involuntarily or shortens less than expected during a voluntary contraction.
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lengthens involuntarily.
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When your family physician taps your left patellar tendon with a mallet, stretch is sensed by sensory receptors associated with
extrafusal fibers in the patellar tendon.
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intrafusal fibers in the patellar tendon.
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extrafusal fibers in the quadriceps.
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intrafusal fibers in the quadriceps.
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Which statement illustrates the principle of convergence?
A single muscle spindle afferent stimulates a single spinal motor neuron.
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A single pain receptor afferent stimulates a single spinal interneuron.
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Each motor neuron receives input from thousands of synapses.
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A single muscle spindle afferent stimulates many motor neurons.
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If you accidentally grab a very hot frying pan with your right hand, _______ will _______ action potential frequency.
α motor neurons innervating the left elbow extensors; decrease
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α motor neurons innervating the right elbow flexors; increase
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afferent neurons from the Golgi tendon organ in the right elbow extensors; increase
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afferent neurons from the intrafusal fibers of the right elbow flexors; increase
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Suppose that you contract your biceps brachii muscle to toss a juggling pin into the air and find that it is much lighter than you expected. Which of the following will happen in compensation?
The action potential frequency in the α motor neurons to the biceps brachii will be decreased reflexively.
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The action potential frequency in the α motor neurons to the biceps brachii will be increased reflexively.
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The action potential frequency in the γ motor neurons to the biceps brachii will be increased reflexively.
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The action potential frequency in the γ motor neurons to the biceps brachii will be decreased reflexively.
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Which experimental result would demonstrate most strongly that sensory feedback is important in the control of rhythmic movement?
A cat whose cerebral cortex has been removed can still walk and run on a treadmill.
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An insect in which sensory afferents from the wings have been cut can still fly.
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Repetitive stimulation of sensory afferents alters the frequency of wingbeats in a tethered insect.
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Repetitive stimulation of sensory afferents does not alter the frequency of wingbeats in a tethered insect.
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Which statement about a network oscillator is true?
One or more neurons receive input that turns the network on, and then neurons interact to generate a rhythmic output pattern.
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A pacemaker cell outside of the network turns the network on and off to control other effectors such as muscle fibers.
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Each cell in the network has pacemaker properties that determine the rate of output from the network.
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The cells in the network depolarize in response to input from sensory afferents.
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Which statement about the stomatogastric ganglion of a crayfish is true?
The central nervous system sends output that depolarizes each cell in the ganglion simultaneously.
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The central nervous system sends a depolarizing signal that begins each wave of depolarization.
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A rhythm generated by a cellular oscillator is reinforced and stabilized by network properties.
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A cellular oscillator generates rhythmic output under the control of a network of ganglionic cells.
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Compared to the repetitive motor patterns of locomotion, more complex motor behaviors
probably involve many more spinal motor neurons in each step.
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probably rely on mechanisms that are completely different from those involved in locomotion.
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may be composed of simple patterns linked by CNS commands and responses to sensory feedback.
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involve similar patterns within the CNS but different output pathways to the skeletal muscles.
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Experiments in which sensory afferent fibers in the hindlimbs of cats are transected show that sensory feedback from the limbs
is necessary to maintain repetitive movements.
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is not necessary to maintain repetitive movements.
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is necessary to initiate locomotor movements.
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normally acts to inhibit limb muscle contractions.
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Modeling experiments on walking and swimming in robotic salamanders have concluded that walking and swimming
are completely distinct motor patterns involving separate central pattern generators.
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use the same central pattern generator and timing, but the output goes to different muscle groups for each mode of locomotion.
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movements can be generated automatically by a network of central pattern generators responding to the intensity of the central command.
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movements are generated from a single central pattern generator responding to the sensory feedback received by the salamander.
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Pyramidal cells are
neurons in the primary motor cortex that send output to activate spinal motor neurons.
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neurons in the cerebellum that send the sole output from the cerebellar cortex.
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neurons in the cerebellum that exert excitatory effects on other cerebellar neurons.
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sensory neurons that collect information on joint position and muscle length.
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In vertebrates, the highest-level planning of voluntary movement, such as deciding whether or not to make a movement, begins in the
association cortex.
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basal ganglia.
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cerebellar cortex.
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primary motor cortex.
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The Purkinje cells of the cerebellum send _______ output from the cerebellar cortex to the _______.
excitatory; cerebellar nuclei
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inhibitory; cerebellar nuclei
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excitatory; spinal cord
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inhibitory; spinal cord
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Studies of the circuitry and function of the vertebrate cerebellum have resulted in
a detailed map of the representation of individual muscles in the cerebellar cortex, as well as functional details of how the neurons interact to coordinate movement.
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a detailed map of the representation of individual muscles in the cerebellar cortex, although there is still some uncertainty about the function of the different neurons.
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a detailed explanation of how different categories of neurons interact to coordinate movement, but no spatial map.
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several competing models of how the cerebellum might work to coordinate movement.
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Voluntary movements in a vertebrate animal are generated by
the motor cortex.
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the cerebellum.
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basal ganglia.
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interactions of several regions.
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How does the indirect pathway of synaptic transmission in the basal ganglia help to fine tune voluntary movement?
The indirect pathway sends the signals that activate thalamic neurons associated with the intended movement.
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The indirect pathway inhibits thalamic neurons, thereby suppressing movements that may compete with the intended movement.
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The indirect pathway inhibits thalamic neurons, thereby modulating muscular force so that movements are not too forceful.
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The indirect pathway reinforces the direct pathway so that thalamic neurons stimulate the motor cortex at higher frequency.
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According to the current general model describing planning and execution of a voluntary movement, decisions generated in the _______ cortex are passed to the _______ via the _______.
motor; association cortex; cerebellum
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association; motor cortex; basal ganglia
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association; cerebellum; basal ganglia
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frontal; basal ganglia; motor cortex
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A 52-year-old woman has difficulty initiating voluntary movements. She can clearly state what she intends to do, describe exactly how she would do it, and picture herself doing it easily. When she is able to begin the motion, she can complete it smoothly and accurately, but she has difficulty beginning the motion. If the difficulty arises from a defect in one particular area of the nervous system, which area is most likely to be involved?
Association cortex
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Basal ganglia
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Spinal motor neurons
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Spinocerebellum
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