* not completed

. In vestibular receptors, the stimulus perceived is

pressure. correct incorrect

chemicals. correct incorrect

sound. correct incorrect

body position and movement. correct incorrect

* not completed

. How does the CNS differentiate between sensory signals from the PNS?

The action potentials are slightly different for each sense. correct incorrect

The different sensory pathways project to different areas of the cerebral cortex. correct incorrect

Some senses only produce graded potentials. correct incorrect

The frequencies of action potentials from each sensory modality are different. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which mammalian skin mechanoreceptor cell is considered extremely phasic?

Merkel disk correct incorrect

Hair cell correct incorrect

Pacinian corpuscle correct incorrect

Ruffini ending correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which structure is most commonly used as the auditory organ in insects?

Semicircular canals correct incorrect

Statocyst correct incorrect

Tympanal organ correct incorrect

Hair cells correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following does not directly relate to transduction of an aspect of sound?

The magnitude of hair cell bending correct incorrect

The location (population) of hair cells bending correct incorrect

The direction of hair cell bending correct incorrect

The number of action potentials coming from the hair cell correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which statement regarding the transduction mechanism of the hair cell is true?

Displacement of the hair cell bundle toward the tallest stereocilia depolarizes the membrane. correct incorrect

The vibration of the hair cell bundle produces an action potential on the membrane. correct incorrect

Displacement of the hair cell bundle in any direction depolarizes the membrane. correct incorrect

Displacement of the hair cell bundle toward the shortest stereocilia depolarizes the membrane. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which statement regarding the mechanism of hearing is false?

Sound travels into the semicircular canal and vibrates the tectorial membrane. correct incorrect

The sound amplitude relates to the amount of hair cell membrane depolarization. correct incorrect

Inner hair cells are responsible for most of the afferent signal to the brain. correct incorrect

High frequency sounds tend to bend hair cells near the oval window. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the taste sensilla of Drosophila, which substance would likely elicit action potentials in a deterrent cell?

1 mM KCl correct incorrect

30 mM sucrose correct incorrect

50 mM NaCl correct incorrect

quinine correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which taste quality mechanism involves a G protein receptor?

Sweet correct incorrect

Salty and sour correct incorrect

Bitter and sweet correct incorrect

Bitter, sweet, and umami correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which sense has a receptor cell that directly produces an action potential?

Hearing correct incorrect

Olfactory correct incorrect

Taste correct incorrect

Vision correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which is the most likely mechanism for odorant receptor molecules in mammals?

Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel. correct incorrect

Odorant receptors bind to the odorant molecule and open, producing a depolarization. correct incorrect

Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately produces a metabotropic action. correct incorrect

Odorant receptors initiate a G protein-mediated signal cascade, which ultimately opens potassium channels. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In many vertebrates, _______ predominantly detect(s) pheromones.

specialized taste buds correct incorrect

the olfactory system correct incorrect

the vomeronasal organ correct incorrect

internal chemoreceptors correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the vertebrate eye, the main transduction event takes place

on the iris. correct incorrect

at the cornea. correct incorrect

in the retina. correct incorrect

at the lens. correct incorrect

* not completed

. _______ is the vertebrate sense in which the "resting," or unexcited, condition of the receptor is depolarized.

Touch correct incorrect

Smell correct incorrect

Vision correct incorrect

Hearing correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which statement best describes the first major transduction event in the vertebrate eye?

Retinal changes from cis- to trans-isomer. correct incorrect

Opsin changes conformation. correct incorrect

Activated rhodopsin activates a G protein. correct incorrect

Light is refracted at the lens to focus on the retina. correct incorrect

* not completed

. When light activates rhodopsin, the result at the vertebrate rod or cone outer membrane is

depolarization. correct incorrect

hyperpolarization. correct incorrect

inhibition. correct incorrect

an action potential. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which statement best describes the regeneration of rhodopsin in vertebrate rods?

Photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin is instantaneous. correct incorrect

Photochemical regeneration of rhodopsin is slow. correct incorrect

Enzymatic regeneration is slow. correct incorrect

Enzymatic regeneration is based on dark adaptation. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which type of cells in the retina have their most prominent action in the lateral pathway, as opposed to the straight-through pathway?

Bipolar cells correct incorrect

Horizontal cells correct incorrect

Ganglion cells correct incorrect

Cone cells correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the visual projection pathway of mammals, the geniculostriate pathway projects

from one eye to the primary visual cortex. correct incorrect

to the lateral geniculate nucleus within the primary visual cortex. correct incorrect

to the primary visual cortex and then to the lateral geniculate nucleus. correct incorrect

to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the primary visual cortex. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Based on spectral sensitivities of human retinal cones, what types of cones do we have?

Blue cones, green cones, and red cones correct incorrect

Yellow cones, green cones, and red cones correct incorrect

Ultraviolet cones, green cones, and red cones correct incorrect

Yellow cones, green cones, and violet cones correct incorrect