Chapter 19 Self-grading Quizzes

Rural Development
. In_______, as the price of oil rose from $70 to peak at $140 a barrel, the prices of most of the world's main agricultural commodities surged to historically unprecedented levels.

. The participatory approach holds that ________.

. For the first time in human history (according to World Bank figures in 2020), ________ per cent of us live in towns or cities and not in rural areas.

. The term "livelihood" is defined as ________.

. The industrial revolutions that swept the temperate world, from England beginning in the mid—18th century to Japan in the late 19th century, were preceded and fuelled by____________.

. Ester Boserup hypothesized that technology development and agricultural intensification can be triggered by ________.

. In Transforming Traditional Agriculture, T.W. Schultz proposed that ________.

. Participatory approaches to rural development gained broad acceptance since the late ________.

. The following is NOT a category created by the World Bank in 2008 to describe "rural worlds": ________.

. The term "land tenure" refers to ________.

. Different strategies can be pursued for substantial livelihood depending on the mediation of ________.

. The complexity of land tenure regimes often also means that the inequality in landownership and use-rights is ________.

. The so-called __________of improved crop varieties, fertilizer, and irrigation technologies that transformed South Asia from a famine-prone, food-insecure region into a net exporter of foodstuffs between the mid-1960s and the 1980s is often presented as the greatest success of rural development, if not of agricultural research generally.

. In the 1950s, the "two-sector" theory of development assumed ________.

. The sustainable livelihoods approach is the latest attempt to confront the issues of rural poverty in as ________ a manner as possible.

. The sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) draws heavily on what?

. The sustainable livelihoods approach greatest value is ______________.

. The sustainable livelihoods approach ___________.

. The livelihoods framework does allow _____________.

. The "people-centred" focus of SLA does not ____________.

. The most important divisions within households are __________.

. Even if household incomes are rising ____________.

. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, women ___________.

. Cash crops that produce revenue (such as tea, coffee, or sugar cane) are considered to belong to men ___________.

. If they are commercialized ____________.

. The vast majority of those living in extreme poverty is still "rural."

. The sustainable livelihoods approach challenges the "farming first" mentality of other strategies.

. Beyond the logic of national statistical services, we can distinguish two enduring, material features of "rurality."

. The 2008 food price crisis was clearly linked to the suddenly rising housing prices.

. Industrial revolutions have been fuelled by agricultural growth.

. As Boserup's hypothesis is that an increase in population density is an independent variable sufficient to trigger agricultural intensification and the technical innovations needed to support it.

. Countries in which agriculture is no longer a major contributor to economic growth but rural poverty remains widespread are known as transforming countries.

. The Green Revolution promoted high-yielding varieties of produce that were not always appropriate for resource-poor farmers.

. The "community development" approach to rural development derived from both British experience in "preparing" India for independence and the domestic policy of the United States.

. The rural-urban divide is increasingly irrelevant in terms of markets, livelihoods, and activities.

. Malthus, Marx, and Boserup understood the systematic interaction of population, environment (land), and technology (agricultural methods) in the same way.

. With strong donor support, IRD in the 1970s and 1980s had promising results.

. Integrated rural development (IRD) ignored how to revive and build on community development while incorporating the new ideas of small-farm efficiency to promote balanced development strategies.

. The sustainable livelihoods approach is the latest attempt to confront the issues of rural poverty.

. Community development was defined as a process, program, and/or movement involving communities in teaching democratic processes and facilitating transfer of technology to a community for more effective solution of its problems.

. Household decisions to switch land from staple crops to marketed ones, may benefit women's rights.

. The livelihoods framework does not allow us to look inside the household to see, for example, who has the power to make (or block) decisions.

. The SLA may also be undermined by its own success.

. The 2008 World Development Report could not determine if the SLA gave a better understanding of rural livelihoods or identify pathways out of poverty.

. Chambers's work sees the multiple realities of rural poverty, which is shown to be an outcome not merely of financial or nutritional deprivation but, more important, of political and socio-economic exclusion.

. Some experts have argued that PRA has strayed from its emancipatory roots and has been co-opted for utilitarian and instrumental purposes.

. No rural development initiatives has the tendency to see the "rural poor" mainly as "farmers."

. IRD is more of a conceptual framework for rural development in the South that stresses putting "farmers first" and "handing over the stick" of control to local communities.

. The PRA paradigm seeks to incorporate local communities in analyzing, planning, and implementing their own development programs.

. Integrated rural development (IRD) projects are supported by multilateral institutions.

Back to top