* not completed

. Environmental issues and their links with development have been a subject of increasing international co-operation since the ________.

a) 1940s correct incorrect

b) 1950s correct incorrect

c) 1960s correct incorrect

d) 1970s correct incorrect

e) 1980s correct incorrect

* not completed

. For a long period in international development history, the focus of debates and policies was about how to ________.

a) stimulate economic growth correct incorrect

b) end inequality correct incorrect

c) protect the poor people correct incorrect

d) take the ethical consideration into account correct incorrect

e) correct ecological knowledge correct incorrect

* not completed

. The concept of "sustainable development" was introduced through the Brundtland Report as the guiding principle of ________.

a) economic growth capacity correct incorrect

b) environmental concern correct incorrect

c) targeting universalism correct incorrect

d) economic and international development correct incorrect

e) minimizing harm and neglect correct incorrect

* not completed

. "Collective action problem" describes the situation in which ________.

a) individual users of a commonly used resource exploit the system correct incorrect

b) multiple individuals benefit from a certain action correct incorrect

c) development choices conflict with humanitarian organizations correct incorrect

d) capitalists owned all the means of production correct incorrect

e) all of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Some economists have hypothesized that the relationship between economic and environmental quality takes the form of ________, called the Environmental Kuznets Curve.

a) a U-shape correct incorrect

b) an S-shape correct incorrect

c) an inverted U-shape correct incorrect

d) an L-shape correct incorrect

e) a revered S-shape correct incorrect

* not completed

. In Silent Spring, Rachel Carson argued that ________.

a) mainstream science overemphasized the risks associated with widespread pesticide use correct incorrect

b) modernization can only portend danger from humanity as a whole correct incorrect

c) greenhouse gases have both warming and cooling effects on the climate correct incorrect

d) concerns about the environment with concerns about human welfare need to be balanced correct incorrect

e) uncontrolled and unexamined pesticide use in the United States was harming and killing animal populations correct incorrect

* not completed

. The 1980s saw some of the most influential advances in climate science and international response to global environmental change. The ________ is a perfect example.

a) Vienna Convention correct incorrect

b) Sustainable Development Goals correct incorrect

c) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development correct incorrect

d) Paris Agreement correct incorrect

e) Stockholm Convention correct incorrect

* not completed

. The following point is not listed as a connection between global economic development and environmental sustainability: ________.

a) Severe negative impacts on the natural, human, social, and economic systems of developing countries correct incorrect

b) Large-scale economic development is needed to pull billions of citizens in developing countries out of abject poverty correct incorrect

c) Disproportionate responsibility for world's poor populations who have contributed the least to the problem correct incorrect

d) Severe drought in Africa that killed about a million people correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Climate Change and Environmental Risk Atlas noted, for 2014, that the top 10 affected countries were in the Third World. The top two countries, in order of estimated negative impacts, are ________.

a) Bangladesh and Sierra Leon correct incorrect

b) Ghana and India correct incorrect

c) India and Guatemala correct incorrect

d) Philippines and Niger correct incorrect

e) Pakistan and Haiti correct incorrect

* not completed

. Development that emphasizes societies need to meet human needs both by increasing productive potential and by ensuring "equitable opportunities for all" is known as ________.

a) holistic development correct incorrect

b) humanitarian development correct incorrect

c) neoliberal development correct incorrect

d) sustainable development correct incorrect

e) collective development correct incorrect

* not completed

. At the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were identified. The SDGs build on ________.

a) the Universal declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 correct incorrect

b) the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established by the UN in 2000 correct incorrect

c) the principles of environment protection of Helsinki correct incorrect

d) the arguments in the Economic and Social Council correct incorrect

e) the Montevideo Convention correct incorrect

* not completed

. The UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol created a regime that embraces two main responses in its action against climate change. These main responses are ________.

a) integration and participation correct incorrect

b) resilience and sustainability correct incorrect

c) concentration and responsibility correct incorrect

d) extensification and migration correct incorrect

e) mitigation and adaptation correct incorrect

* not completed

. The impact of humans on the environment is generally measured using the equation ________.

a) H = ECJ correct incorrect

b) U = EKC correct incorrect

c) I = PAT correct incorrect

d) T = CAP correct incorrect

e) E = LPI correct incorrect

* not completed

. A major equity concept that has been devised to mediate the justice conflict between developed and developing countries is the ________.

a) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) correct incorrect

b) Kyoto Protocol correct incorrect

c) US Agency for International Development (UAID) correct incorrect

d) Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Capability principle (CBDR+C) correct incorrect

e) World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) correct incorrect

* not completed

. Rachel Carson stressed that through the process of _________, dangerous amounts of pesticides were finding their way into the human food chain and causing serious harm.

a) structural transformation correct incorrect

b) spatial transformation correct incorrect

c) bioaccumulation correct incorrect

d) the tragedy of the commons correct incorrect

e) biomagnification correct incorrect

* not completed

. Climate change is generally recognized as the most important development challenge in the twenty-first century.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The Sustainable Development Goals, launched in 2015, cover seven areas including food, water, and housing.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The tragedy of commons is famously linked to American ecologist Garrett Hardin.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The modernization theory approach suggests that the solution to pollution and environmental degradation resulting from economic growth is, in fact, the pursuit of even more economic development.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Recent global ecosystem assessment projects have shown that over the past 50 years humans have positively impacted the natural environment due to increased awareness.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. This first-ever environmental conference convened at the United Nations level was held in New York.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. China's rapid economic growth in the past 30 years has resulted in dramatic increases in certain aspects of well-being and a rise of significant environmental challenges.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)'s core function was to lead the UN's work on environment and its links to international development.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The term "sustainable development" was brought firmly into public discourse in a report published by the Brundtland Commission in 1987.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Agenda 21 is a detailed blueprint for the protection of the earth and tis sustainable development at local levels.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the Third World, climate change most negatively impacts Haiti.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The overriding purpose of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol was to develop a temporary process for managing environmental issues.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. "Vision 2050" describes how a global population of 9 billion will live contentedly within the obtainable natural resource limits.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. The impact of any population on the environment is expressed as a product of three characteristics: mitigation and adaptation.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect

* not completed

. Developed countries insist that it is much better to use market approaches or instruments in dealing with environmental issues.

a) True correct incorrect

b) False correct incorrect