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http://govthesis.site.wesleyan.edu/research/concepts-and-measurements/
This source discusses concepts and measurement in doing research. It also offers a definition of validity and reliability. Some useful references to books and articles can be found at the bottom of the page.
http://www.poverty.ac.uk/definitions-poverty
This is the website of a research project on Poverty and Social Exclusion in the United Kingdom, funded by the Economic and Research Council. At this link you will find a very comprehensive introduction to different ways in which poverty can be conceptually defined and operationally measured.
https://ingorohlfing.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/theory-and-substance-in-case-selection/
This blog post by Professor Ingo Rohlfing, titled ‘Theory and substance in case selection, or: Give random selection a chance’, discusses the problem of case selection in qualitative research. He argues for the use of ‘stratified random selection’ as the preferred option for selecting cases to research.
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-internal-and-external-validity.html
This article defines internal and external validity, and discusses the key differences between them.
https://socialresearchmethods.net/kb/relandval.php
This article shows how validity and reliability are connected, and considers what it means to produce research which is both valid and reliable.
https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/reliability-and-validity-of-measurement/
This article defines validity and reliability, and introduces different types (e.g. face validity, or interrater reliability).
https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/quantitative-vs-qualitative-research/
This article gives an overview of the differences between quantitative and qualitative data and research. There is useful discussion of when each is most useful, and of how different types of data can be combined in a research design.
https://learn.g2.com/qualitative-vs-quantitative-data
This article uses a nice simple example to illustrate the key differences between quantitative and qualitative data.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INf5u29n-5Q
This TEDx talk by Professor Simon Jackman argues that the Big Data revolution can empower people by allowing them access to a vast amount of information that can be used to inform political opinions and arguments.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba0rIaEftKU
Evgeny Mozorov gives a lecture on ‘Big Data, Small Politics’, and reflects on the broader political implications of the use of Big Data by governments.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Do5famLCHWI
A short news video on the use and value of big data in election campaigning.