Chapter 9 Quiz

Which two countries in the Middle East perform civil marriages?

Turkey and Lebanon.

Iraq and Iran.

Saudi Arabia and Egypt.

Jordan and Kuwait.

What percentage of families in Iraq come from both a Sunni and Shi'i background?

20

30

50

15

Which country's constitution guarantees equal rights for women?

Egypt

Algeria

Lebanon

Tunisia

According to Gelvin, what led to the development of secularism in Europe?

The development of the absolutist state in late seventeenth century France.

The rise of constitutionalism as a result of the French and American Revolutions.

The bloodshed of the wars of religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

The long conflict with the Islamic world that started with the Crusades in the eleventh century.

What caused a change in the meaning and function of religion in the Middle East during the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The rise of new urban elites linked with the global trade system.

The integration of the region into the modern states system.

The impact of new intellectual movements like the nahda.

The growth of sectarianism in the Ottoman Empire.

During the _____________, osmanlilik was secular in nature.

tanzimat

rule of Abdulhamid II

late eighteenth century

rule of Mahmud II

In the Ottoman Empire, how did attempts at forming a national identity under osmanlilik change after Abdulhamid II came to power?

The government began to encourage an identity based on the Turkish language and culture.

The government attempted to expand on a secular notion of citizenship based upon a new constitution.

The government encouraged an identity based on Arab culture and language.

The government began to encourage an Ottoman/Islamic identity.

Who helped to introduce European philosophical and social theory into the Arabic language in the early nineteenth century?

Abudlhamid II

Rifa‛a Rafi‛ al-Tahtawi

Mirza Malkom Khan

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

For both al-Tahtawi and al-Afghani, what defined Eastern civilization as opposed to Western civilization?

Arab identity

Its timelessness

Islam

Bedouin culture

How did the fourteenth-century scholar Ibn Khaldun define "civilization?"

Civilization was Islamic as opposed to non-Islamic.

Civilization was defined by the ulama.

Civilization was urban as opposed to rural or desert life.

Civilization was Eastern rather than Western oriented.

In the late nineteenth century, what contributed to the change in religious composition of the Ottoman Empire?

Massive Muslim immigration into the Ottoman Empire from southeastern Europe and the Caucuses.

Large-scale Jewish migration into Palestine.

Muslim migration from European imperialism in India and southeast Asia.

Growth of the Christian population due to increased prosperity in the Ottoman Empire.

Abdulhamid II asserted his authority in the Islamic world with his use of the title ______.

Sultan

Imam

Caliph

ghazi

Why did the Ottoman government support Muslim missionary efforts in the empire in the late nineteenth century?

It sought to convert the empires Armenian and Greek Christians to Islam.

It sought to convert non-orthodox Muslims like the Shi'a and Alawites in Syria to orthodox Sunni Islam in order to have more religious uniformity.

It sought to counteract attempts by the Qajars of Persia to spread Shi'a Islam in eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq.

It sought to spread a new sufism-based form of Islam that promoted loyalty to Abdulhamid II.

Which of the following did the Ottoman government do in order to promote a more uniform Islamic doctrine?

It made the publication of the Qur'an a state monopoly.

It heavily regulated religious schools.

It published works by prominent salafi writers.

It censored all religious publications in the empire.

During the rule of Abdulhamid II, who played an increasing role in imperial institutions?

The military

Russian advisors

The ulama

Egyptians

The Hijaz Railroad eventually connect which two cities together?

Istanbul with Mecca

Vienna with Istanbul

Istanbul with Medina

Berlin with Baghdad

Who deposed Abdulhamid II in 1909?

The Young Ottomans

The British

The Wahhabis under Ibn Sa'ud

The Young Turks

What did the Muhammadan Union support in 1909?

It supported the return of Abdulhamid II to power after the Young Turk coup.

It wanted Ottomans to support the completion of the Hijaz Railway.

It supported the new secular policies of the Young Turks.

It wanted to end the policies of defensive developmentalism in the empire.

Who published the periodical, al-Haqa'iq in Damascus in the early twentieth century?

Members of the Christian minority.

A group of Islamic modernists.

Members of the ulama.

A branch of the Young Turk political party.

What did the periodical, al-Haqa'iq call for as a way to protect the Islamic character of the Ottoman Empire?

It advocated for strong caliphal rule.

It appealed for the establishment of an Islamic political party.

It called for an expanded role of the ulama in government.

It requested that all foreign influences in the country be removed.

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