* not completed

. Ideology is ________.

a) a type of belief-system favoured by extremists. correct incorrect

b) a science devoted to the discovery of unquestionable truths. correct incorrect

c) a set of ideas which typically provides a description of things as they are, portrays an ideal political order, and suggests how that ideal could be attained. correct incorrect

d) the characteristic outlook of people who are not clever enough to understand the work of political philosophers. correct incorrect

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. Liberalism and socialism have been powerful ideologies since the late eighteenth century because ________.

a) in different ways they embodied the ideals of the Enlightenment correct incorrect

b) they appealed to social groups which had been fostered by the Industrial Revolution correct incorrect

c) both were expounded in a series of classic writings by great thinkers correct incorrect

d) all of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Liberal ideology ________.

a) was invented in the eighteenth century to serve the interests of the British Liberal Party correct incorrect

b) developed as a hostile response to the emergence of industrial capitalism correct incorrect

c) is a compromise between socialism and conservatism correct incorrect

d) is a long-established creed which focuses on individual freedom correct incorrect

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. Classical liberalism began to be questioned in the late nineteenth century mainly because ________.

a) the British Liberal Party was in steep decline correct incorrect

b) the Industrial Revolution had generated widespread poverty and social problems correct incorrect

c) political thinkers were anxious to strike a compromise with socialism correct incorrect

d) in practice it had led to excessive state intervention correct incorrect

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. Liberals favour the free market economy because ________.

a) they feel that individuals are rational enough to be left to pursue their own economic interests correct incorrect

b) most of them are closely connected to big business correct incorrect

c) they think that poverty is a good way of ensuring social control correct incorrect

d) they regard human existence as taking place in a state of nature, in which cut-throat competition is perfectly justified correct incorrect

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. Karl Marx disagreed with many socialist thinkers because ________.

a) they did not approve of totalitarian government correct incorrect

b) they were a bit squeamish about the use of violence to secure political change correct incorrect

c) their ideas were not based on "scientific" methods correct incorrect

d) they were not affiliated to a trade union correct incorrect

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. The socialist view of human nature assumes that ________.

a) human beings are easily led correct incorrect

b) human beings are naturally competitive correct incorrect

c) human beings are driven by envy correct incorrect

d) human character is radically affected by circumstances correct incorrect

* not completed

. Characteristically, conservatives are ________.

a) opposed to "rationalism" correct incorrect

b) supportive of the tried and trusted in preference to the experimental correct incorrect

c) believers in "organic" society correct incorrect

d) all of the above correct incorrect

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. It is difficult to conceive of nationalism as an ideology like liberalism or socialism because ________.

a) its advocates are driven by emotion rather than reason correct incorrect

b) it does not prescribe any specific form of government correct incorrect

c) it creates tensions within and between established states correct incorrect

d) it is irrelevant in an increasingly "globalized" international context correct incorrect

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. Neoconservatives believe that ________.

a) people who are critical of their own country are morally wrong correct incorrect

b) the same set of rules apply for all states correct incorrect

c) force is an unacceptable means of achieving one's ends correct incorrect

d) international institutions play an important role in securing greater levels of peace correct incorrect

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. Political ideologies that are associated with the European Enlightenment include ________.

a) liberalism, conservatism, fascism, and postmodernism correct incorrect

b) deep ecology, postmodernism, anarchism, and post-colonialism correct incorrect

c) liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and anarchism correct incorrect

d) anarchism, conservatism, fascism, and post-colonialism correct incorrect

* not completed

. The classical liberal tradition emphasizes negative liberty and focuses on the individual. The core meaning of liberty is found in ________.

a) social contract, the state, and self-development correct incorrect

b) inequality, and intolerance correct incorrect

c) liberty, tolerance, individualism, and a particular kind of equality correct incorrect

d) equality, freedom, and intolerance correct incorrect

* not completed

. Key principles of socialism are ________.

a) generally optimistic view of human nature, equality, and community correct incorrect

b) freedom, justice, and community correct incorrect

c) negative view of human nature, and equality correct incorrect

d) harm principle and minority rights correct incorrect

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. Edmund Burke is often referred to as the father of Conservatism. In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, he argued ________.

a) against the abstract ideals of the French Revolution, rationality, and a resistance to change correct incorrect

b) against rationality, change, and the need to preserve what is valuable correct incorrect

c) in support of tried and tested traditions, and the need to preserve what is valuable correct incorrect

d) all of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Major aspects of neoconservatism, which became more influential during the George W. Bush presidency (2001-09), include ________.

a) a lack of patriotism, belief in the importance of states, hatred of communism, and American exceptionalism correct incorrect

b) patriotism, rationality, and a want for change correct incorrect

c) patriotism, belief that world government is negative, ability to understand the difference between friends and enemies, and American exceptionalism correct incorrect

d) all of the above correct incorrect