* not completed

. Which idea is central to the biological species concept?

Vicariance correct incorrect

Sexual selection correct incorrect

Divergent phenotypes correct incorrect

Reproductive isolation correct incorrect

Distinct lineages correct incorrect

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. The biological species concept has been widely adopted, but it also has some practical difficulties. Which of the following is not one of these difficulties?

The concept is poorly defined. correct incorrect

The concept cannot be applied to extinct species. correct incorrect

Many populations are allopatric. correct incorrect

The concept does not apply to clonal organisms. correct incorrect

Testing reproductive isolation in the lab is not always feasible. correct incorrect

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. According to the biological species concept, speciation consists of the evolution of biological barriers to gene flow. The most important distinction is between _______ and _______ barriers.

male; female correct incorrect

sexual selection; natural selection correct incorrect

temporal; spatial correct incorrect

ecological; evolutionary correct incorrect

prezygotic; postzygotic correct incorrect

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. What class of barrier to gene flow would we be observing if we noted that the offspring of a lion and a tiger (two different species) are awkward, gangly beasts that have poor survival in the wild?

Premating barrier correct incorrect

Geographic isolation correct incorrect

Prezygotic barrier correct incorrect

Temporal isolation correct incorrect

Postzygotic barrier correct incorrect

* not completed

. The structure and morphology of the genitalia of many insects sits in the gray area between pre- and post-mating isolation. The analogy most similar to the functional use of genital structures in these insects is a

ratchet that moves one direction. correct incorrect

bottlebrush similar to lab cleaning supplies. correct incorrect

traffic light that can show red, yellow, or green. correct incorrect

rasp with a roughened surface for scraping. correct incorrect

lock and key, where correct fit between components is critical. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Reproductive isolation as a result of Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility is caused by

reduced fertility because of chromosomal mismatch and reorganization. correct incorrect

the inability of two or more loci from different lineages to function well together. correct incorrect

the inability of organisms from different lineages to fit their genitalia together. correct incorrect

the lower fitness of hybrids as a result of underdominance. correct incorrect

the failure of individuals of different lineages to recognize one another as potential mates. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Most examples of polyploidy speciation involve

plants. correct incorrect

mammals. correct incorrect

arthropods. correct incorrect

prokaryotes. correct incorrect

fungi. correct incorrect

* not completed

. You collect individuals from different allopatric populations of a leaf-eating beetle. In the laboratory, you conduct mate-choice experiments to assess levels of reproductive isolation among beetles from different populations. Assuming that ecological speciation occurred in the wild, which pattern should you expect?

No reproductive isolation correct incorrect

Reproductive isolation that is independent of habitat type correct incorrect

More reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitats correct incorrect

Less reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitats correct incorrect

Complete reproductive isolation among all populations correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which observation does not provide evidence that sexual selection can be an important cause of speciation?

Rapidly evolving surface proteins on sperm and eggs accelerate gametic isolation. correct incorrect

Female crickets respond to songs that have a pulse rate similar to that of their own species. correct incorrect

In cichlid fish, the color of males acts as a reproductive barrier between species. correct incorrect

Groups of birds with promiscuous mating systems have higher diversity than sister clades have. correct incorrect

In many species, recombination rates differ for males and females. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Why does reinforcement involve a strengthening of prezygotic, rather than postzygotic, isolation?

The rewards of postzygotic isolation are always much smaller than those of prezygotic isolation. correct incorrect

Reinforcement occurs only rarely. correct incorrect

Postzygotic isolation has only a minimal evolutionary impact. correct incorrect

Alleles that prevent interbreeding are more likely to be inherited by viable, nonhybrid offspring than alleles that permit random mating. correct incorrect

Assortative mating is uncommon. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?

Speciation as a result of mating preference by female cichlids within a single African rift lake correct incorrect

Reproductive isolation progressively increases in a lizard population with differing habitats on opposite ends of its range correct incorrect

Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers between populations of angelfish isolated on either side of the Isthmus of Panama correct incorrect

Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers within a single, initially panmictic population of flies that use different host plants correct incorrect

Speciation observed in the fossil record, such as during the evolution of fully aquatic whales from a terrestrial ancestor correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which observation would be evidence for allopatric speciation among finch species of the Galápagos Islands?

The birds are closely related to birds found on the mainland. correct incorrect

No pairs of sister species formed on the same island. correct incorrect

Pairs of sister species can be found on adjacent islands. correct incorrect

Specific beak sizes are adaptations to the seeds of different species. correct incorrect

Many different species have been found on the islands. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Most models of sympatric speciation postulate the existence of

extinction and recolonization of local populations. correct incorrect

geographical barriers between populations. correct incorrect

disruptive selection based on resource use. correct incorrect

high levels of recombination between loci. correct incorrect

unequal numbers of males and females. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In North America, hawthorn trees were the ancestral hosts of the apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella). In the last 150 years, however, cultivated apples have become a host for some populations of R. pomonella. What factor may have allowed the colonization of apples as a new host plant, and thus subsequent disruptive selection based on resource use?

Apples and hawthorns are commonly cultivated together in New England. correct incorrect

Intense pesticide use in some hawthorn-producing regions forced the flies to seek new hosts. correct incorrect

Apple trees and hawthorns are sister species and thus produce fruit with similar characteristics. correct incorrect

The timing of reproduction in Mexican hawthorn feeding populations overlaps with apple fruiting in the Northeast. correct incorrect

In the Southeast, a blight killed hawthorn populations, and small populations of flies were able to adapt to apple use. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which mode of speciation involves intermediate levels of gene flow?

Allopatric speciation correct incorrect

Sympatric speciation correct incorrect

Parapatric speciation correct incorrect

Founder effect speciation correct incorrect

Cytological divergence correct incorrect

* not completed

. Imagine you examine several variable loci from two populations of closely related organisms. Which statement describes a locus that would be a good candidate for a "genomic island of speciation"?

A locus in which the sequence is made similar by gene flow correct incorrect

A locus in which natural selection favors the same allele in both populations correct incorrect

Loci that differ greatly between the populations, with one allele fixed in one population and another allele nearly fixed in the other correct incorrect

An allele at a locus that provides a selective advantage in one population's range, but not the other's correct incorrect

A neutrally evolving locus that is variable in both populations correct incorrect