* not completed

. Refer to the codon table.



Which pair of sequences represents a synonymous mutation?

UGA → UGG correct incorrect

GCU → GCA correct incorrect

UUU → CUU correct incorrect

GGA → CGA correct incorrect

CAG → AUG correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which compound is not a component of DNA?

Adenine correct incorrect

Uracil correct incorrect

Cytosine correct incorrect

Thymine correct incorrect

Guanine correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which source of variation is most important to evolution?

Genetic change correct incorrect

Maternal effect correct incorrect

Environmental variance correct incorrect

DNA methylation correct incorrect

Developmental noise correct incorrect

* not completed

. Refer to the figure. The snow goose (Chen caerulescens) has both a blue and a white morph. Inheritance is Mendelian: BB and Bb individuals are blue, while bb individuals are white.



If 23 geese in a population of 142 are white, and 119 are blue, how many of the blue geese would you expect to be carriers of the b allele (i.e., Bb heterozygotes)?

57 correct incorrect

85 correct incorrect

68 correct incorrect

51 correct incorrect

71 correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which observation about a population would not violate the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

UV radiation induces new mutations at a high frequency. correct incorrect

Individuals migrate from nearby populations but die prior to breeding. correct incorrect

Cold tolerance differs by genotype, and the population experiences a frost. correct incorrect

Inbreeding is present. correct incorrect

The population size is smaller than 100 individuals. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Nonrandom associations between alleles at different loci are referred to by which term?

Heterozygosity correct incorrect

Linkage equilibrium correct incorrect

Inbreeding depression correct incorrect

Panmictic correct incorrect

Linkage disequilibrium correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the figure, the star represents a recent mutation at a gene locus. The letters represent other loci.



Which other locus is most likely to be in linkage disequilibrium with the mutation (all else being equal; assume a sexually reproducing organism)?

A correct incorrect

B correct incorrect

C correct incorrect

D correct incorrect

Based on the supplied information, there is equal probability of linkage disequilibrium at all loci. correct incorrect

* not completed

. The mutations shown in the figure involve a transformation of one structure into another structure.



What are these types of mutations called?

Homeotic mutations correct incorrect

Transversions correct incorrect

Synonymous mutations correct incorrect

Inversions correct incorrect

Frameshift mutations correct incorrect

* not completed

. Refer to the graph showing fitness effects of mutations in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.



Which inference is not supported by the data shown in the graph?

Most mutations have a relatively small effect on fitness. correct incorrect

Synonymous mutations are unlikely to have a large effect on fitness. correct incorrect

Most mutations are nonsynonymous. correct incorrect

Mutations that improve fitness are relatively rare. correct incorrect

Mutations yielding new stop codons have little effect on fitness. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Sickle cell disease results from a nonsynonymous point mutation of the HBB gene, producing an altered beta chain of hemoglobin. Beta thalassemia is caused by a mutation to the same gene, but instead of an altered beta chain, the final protein is absent or incomplete. Which of these mutations is the most probable cause of beta thalassemia in a patient without a family history of the disease?

A synonymous mutation in an exon correct incorrect

A nonsynonymous point mutation resulting in a premature stop codon correct incorrect

An inversion, in which several codons have their sequence reversed correct incorrect

Several successive nonsynonymous point mutations changing many codons that code for glutamic acid to valine correct incorrect

A duplication of the HBB gene, creating too much protein product correct incorrect

* not completed

. Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. Other members of the Hominidae, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, have 24. What could have caused this difference?

Inversions correct incorrect

Fusions correct incorrect

Deletions correct incorrect

Frameshift mutations correct incorrect

Backmutation correct incorrect

* not completed

. A stretch of genome is known to have a constant mutation rate of 10^–6 per generation within a group of species. Two different species within this group are shown to have 16 differences in that stretch of genome. How long have their lineages been separated?

16 million generations correct incorrect

8 million generations correct incorrect

16 generations correct incorrect

32 million generations correct incorrect

0.000016 generations correct incorrect

* not completed

. A mutation in DNA found in which type of cell would be found in descendants as well as the individual in which the mutation occurred?

A guard cell in a leaf's stomata correct incorrect

A skin cell on a monkey's ear correct incorrect

A germ-line cell in an elephant's teste correct incorrect

A muscle-cell in a mouse's heart correct incorrect

A parenchyma cell in the soft tissue of a plant's fruit correct incorrect

* not completed

. When we say that mutation is random, we mean that

we cannot predict which gene copy will undergo a mutation, and environments do not induce adaptive mutations. correct incorrect

all loci are equally mutable. correct incorrect

the chance that a mutation occurs is influenced by whether or not an organism is in an environment in which that mutation would be advantageous. correct incorrect

environmental factors cannot affect mutation rates. correct incorrect

all conceivable mutations are equally likely to occur. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Phenotypic differences that are not based on DNA sequence differences (for example, DNA methylation) can be passed from parent to offspring. This phenomenon is called

genotype × environment interaction. correct incorrect

maternal effects. correct incorrect

epigenetic inheritance. correct incorrect

phenotypic plasticity. correct incorrect

norm of reaction. correct incorrect