Chapter 18 Quiz

Quiz Content

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. Observations of the biogeographic distributions of organisms provided both Darwin and Wallace with evidence for the occurrence of evolution. Which of the following was not part of the evidence used by Darwin to support his theory of descent with modification?

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. Wallace's line is a deep-water boundary that separates islands that differ greatly in their fauna, despite their close proximity and similar climate. Accordingly, these islands are assigned to two different biogeographic realms, each of which has a large number of species that are restricted to that location and found nowhere else in the world. These species are considered

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. Which of these is an example of an organism with a disjunct distribution?

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. If a population of kangaroos (known as a dominant mammal in Australia) was discovered living on island northwest of Wallace's line, which of these would be the most likely explanation?

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. The two main hypotheses for a taxon's distribution are dispersal and vicariance. Which of the following would be the poorest source of data for testing these hypotheses?

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. The Isthmus of Panama formed about 3 million years ago, isolating the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean. Which observation would provide evidence that sister species of angelfish found on either side are the result of a vicariance event cause by the formation of the landmass, rather than the dispersal of a founder population across the Isthmus?

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. You examine four forested Caribbean islands. Each has four species of Anolis lizard that use four ecological niches (for a total of 16 species). On each island, one species exclusively occupies either the ground, tree trucks, limbs and branches, or the smallest twigs and leaves. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the species on each island form their own monophyletic groups. Which is the best explanation for this pattern?

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. The phylogeographic analysis in the figure shows that the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus expanded its range through northern and central Europe from the Balkans after the last glacial period, but it could not cross mountain ranges in southern Europe. In contrast, a similar analysis found that hedgehogs colonized northern Europe from all three areas.



How might the pattern of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes across European hedgehog populations differ from grasshoppers?

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. Which observation does not provide evidence that modern humans dispersed from Africa to the rest of the world (according to the "out of Africa" theory)?

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. After the breakup of Gondwana, new species evolved in South America, Africa, and Australia. Which speciation model best fits this vicariance event?

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. Refer to the figure showing a phylogeny of the cypresses.



The phylogeny in the figure suggests that the distribution of cypress species is best explained as

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. You discover patterns of genetic divergence that are very similar among multiple unrelated species that share a region. This suggests that

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. Many temperate plant taxa have not adapted to tropical environments, and many animal species shifted their ranges during the Pleistocene rather than adapting to climate change. These observations are consistent with

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. Which statement offers the best explanation for why the only native land mammal to Hawaii is the Hawaiian hoary bat?

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. Different models for species accumulation have been proposed to account for the difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. Which model best describes the greater diversity of treefrogs (Hylidae) in the tropics compared to the temperate zone?

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