* not completed

. Because increased fecundity means increased fitness, we might expect to observe the evolution of ever-increasing fecundity, but this is not the case. Which reason for lower-than-expected fecundity is plausible?

While beneficial to the population or species, selection for increased fecundity is harmful to the individual. correct incorrect

Increased fecundity leads to overpopulation and mass starvation, due to increases in individual fitness. correct incorrect

Fecundity evolves only until it balances mortality. correct incorrect

There are allocation trade-offs between fecundity and other traits. correct incorrect

All of the above are plausible reasons. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following does not represent a life history trait?

Age at sexual maturity correct incorrect

Defenses against predation correct incorrect

Age-specific fecundity correct incorrect

Time to first reproduction correct incorrect

Adult body size correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which situation would represent a trade-off between survival and reproduction?

Mating activity and egg production reduce the longevity of both sexes. correct incorrect

Survival to greater age comes at the expense of early reproduction. correct incorrect

Human parents have less sleep and higher rates of disease infection than nonreproductive individuals. correct incorrect

The production of many offspring results in smaller offspring. correct incorrect

All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. When referring to the capacity of a population to grow, r equals the

number of individuals in the population. correct incorrect

population equilibrium. correct incorrect

survival to reproductive age. correct incorrect

dispersal of the population. correct incorrect

intrinsic rate of increase. correct incorrect

* not completed

. The two most accepted hypotheses for the evolution of senescence, mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy, are based on the principle that

senescence provides an individual-level selective advantage. correct incorrect

senescence provides a group-level selective advantage. correct incorrect

the selective advantage of high probability of survival declines with age. correct incorrect

the selective advantage of reproduction declines with age. correct incorrect

senescence is an evolutionarily stable strategy. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of these describes antagonistic pleiotropy?

Steep reduction in fertility and fecundity later in life correct incorrect

Mating only once in life, then dying correct incorrect

Genes that increase reproduction may decrease survival later in life. correct incorrect

The later in life that a mutation affects fitness, the weaker the selection against that mutation. correct incorrect

Intrinsic changes that lower survival and reproduction with age correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which organism is most likely to be an r-selected species?

An organism that maintains stable populations near its carrying capacity correct incorrect

A good parent correct incorrect

An agricultural pest correct incorrect

An organism that lives to great age correct incorrect

An organism of huge body size correct incorrect

* not completed

. According to life-history theory, species in which parents can provide only limited parental investment are also likely to have which characteristic?

A negative correlation between offspring number and offspring size correct incorrect

Later age at maturity in females correct incorrect

High juvenile mortality correct incorrect

Delays in reproduction correct incorrect

Larger adult body sizes correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the most likely explanation for the very low fecundity of species such as whales, humans, and elephants?

Low probability of offspring survival correct incorrect

Density-dependence correct incorrect

High investment in parental care correct incorrect

High mobility correct incorrect

All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which environmental condition is least likely to select for an iteroparous life-history strategy?

High adult survival rates correct incorrect

Low rates of population increase correct incorrect

Young that require parental care correct incorrect

Early reproduction correct incorrect

Very long life spans correct incorrect

* not completed

. Consider Lack's work with the great tit (Parus major). If we experimentally altered the environment in a way that allowed increased survival of nestlings and fledglings and made second clutches for parents more likely, predict the evolutionary response for clutch size (number of eggs laid).

Clutch size would increase. correct incorrect

Clutch size would decrease. correct incorrect

Clutch size would vary from year to year. correct incorrect

Clutch size would remain as is. correct incorrect

First clutches would be reduced to zero, but second clutches would increase in size. correct incorrect

* not completed

. In which case would protogyny (hermaphroditism in which females switch to being males at some point in life) most likely be favored?

Individual barnacles rarely encounter other members of their species. correct incorrect

Large female snails can produce vastly more eggs than small ones. correct incorrect

Small individual shrimp are less conspicuous to predators. correct incorrect

Small male groupers do poorly at mating, but large individuals are able to defend a harem of females. correct incorrect

Individual flatworms can mate many times as a male, but only once as a female. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which organism has the narrowest ecological niche?

A shark that will eat anything that can fit into its mouth correct incorrect

A remora that will hitchhike on any species of shark, eating its scraps correct incorrect

A lobster that eats any type of small, bottom-dwelling shellfish correct incorrect

A sea urchin that eats several species of algae correct incorrect

A parasitic crab that infects only sea urchins correct incorrect

* not completed

. Identify the trade-off between a specialist and generalist ecological niche.

A specialist herbivore is able to locate its host plant quickly. correct incorrect

A generalist predator has potential prey in many environments. correct incorrect

When its favored prey item becomes rare, a specialist predator has a difficult time eating. correct incorrect

When one prey item becomes scarce, a generalist herbivore can use another plant resource. correct incorrect

A specialist herbivore can tolerate the defensive compounds in the leaves of its host plant. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which type of environment would be most likely to favor a narrow niche breadth?

An environment that rarely changes, in which some resources are plentiful correct incorrect

An environment that changes frequently, with unpredictable resources correct incorrect

An environment where all resources are in equal abundance correct incorrect

An environment in which physical conditions change drastically from year to year correct incorrect

An island with a high extinction rate correct incorrect