Chapter 8 Self-test questions

Remedies: direct and indirect effects and state liability

Quiz Content

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What does 'direct effects' mean?

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Provided that certain criteria are satisfied, an EU law provision will give rise to a right that is enforceable by individuals in the national courts.

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To which of the following can direct effects can be applied?

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The leading case of ___ ____ __ ____ was the case in which the European Court of Justice first introduced direct effects.

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In Case C-152/84 Marshall, the European Court of Justice held that Directives could be enforced horizontally by one individual against another.

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Emanations of the State against which direct effects are available were those bodies that are which of the following?

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'Indirect effects' is the principle that, further to ex Art. 10 EC (now 4(3) TEU), requires all authorities of member States, including the courts, to interpret national law in such a way as to ensure the obligations of a Directive are obeyed.

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'Incidental horizontal effects' means that Directives can be enforced between individuals.

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The principle of 'State liability' means which of the following?

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In order for liability to arise on the part of the member State, there must have been a sufficiently serious breach of a superior rule of law designed for the protection of individuals.

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The 'autonomy of national procedural law' means which of the following?

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