Chapter 4 Quiz

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. What word is often useful in the writing of theory?

Because correct incorrect

Prove correct incorrect

Null correct incorrect

Always correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is not a requirement to establish causality?

The observed caused and the observed effect must be empirically correlated correct incorrect

The observed cause must precede the effect correct incorrect

The correlation between the two variables cannot be explained away by a third variable correct incorrect

The relationship between the two variables must be spurious correct incorrect

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. Where do research hypotheses come from?

From a theory about the relationship between two variables correct incorrect

From spurious relationships among variables correct incorrect

From observed correlations correct incorrect

From the null hypothesis correct incorrect

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. Because we accept we cannot correctly predict all social behavior, theories in political science are

deterministic correct incorrect

generalizable correct incorrect

probabilistic correct incorrect

testable correct incorrect

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. An individualistic fallacy is

inferring a characteristic about a group based on observations from only one case correct incorrect

inferring a characteristic about a group based on observations from multiple cases correct incorrect

inferring a characteristic about one case based on trends from multiple cases correct incorrect

inferring a characteristic about one case based on trends from only one case correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is not a source of theory?

inductive reasoning correct incorrect

deductive reasoning correct incorrect

other scholars' literature correct incorrect

hypothesis correct incorrect

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. A generalized explanation for an observable outcome is known as a

hypothesis correct incorrect

individualistic fallacy correct incorrect

theory correct incorrect

ecological fallacy correct incorrect

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. What is a deterministic theory?

One that posits that an outcome is the only possible result associated with a particular cause correct incorrect

One that posits that an outcome is more or less likely given a particular cause correct incorrect

One that posits that outcomes are not predictable correct incorrect

One that posits that outcomes are usually spurious correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is an example of a null hypothesis?

There is no relationship between political corruption and violence correct incorrect

People who have less information about the political process are less likely to be interested in politics than people who have more information about the political process. correct incorrect

People who were not politically socialized as children will exhibit a lower interest in politics as adults than people who were politically socialized as children. correct incorrect

People who are intimidated by the political process are less likely to be interested in politics than people who are not intimidated by the political process. correct incorrect

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. When a relationship is spurious,

the two variables under investigation are not empirically correlated correct incorrect

the relationship is deterministic correct incorrect

the two variables cannot be included as independent variables correct incorrect

the correlation between two variables is not a causal one correct incorrect

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. Probabilistic theories suggest

that an outcome is by definition the only possible result associated with a particular cause. correct incorrect

that the likelihood of an event occurring is either higher or lower for a particular reason correct incorrect

the absence of a certain value of one or more independent variables. correct incorrect

that a theory should be applicable to as many contexts as possible and not only to the set of observations that were included in the original study. correct incorrect

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. Causal explanations establish:

Cause and effect correct incorrect

Correlation correct incorrect

Generalizability correct incorrect

Inductive observations correct incorrect

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. Inductive observations involve:

a general premise that is used to generate expectations about how variables are related to one another. correct incorrect

inferring a characteristic about a group based on observations from only one individual or case. correct incorrect

information you have at your immediate disposal. correct incorrect

devising a number of plausible explanations that might have some power in explaining why there is variation in the dependent variable. correct incorrect

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. Insights from the literature:

are not helpful in developing theory correct incorrect

should not be used in developing theory since an original theory must come from the researcher correct incorrect

should only be in the literature review correct incorrect

can help a researcher shape the theory about the relationship between the variables in an analysis correct incorrect

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. What is explanatory power?

the power of a theory to explain as much of an outcome as possible correct incorrect

the actual theory itself correct incorrect

a series of research hypotheses derived from a theory correct incorrect

the comparison of the null hypothesis to the research hypothesis correct incorrect

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. A testable hypothesis is one that can be

evaluated based on empirical data correct incorrect

applied to as many contexts as possible correct incorrect

free of ecological fallacies correct incorrect

free of individualistic fallacies correct incorrect

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. What is the difference between a null hypothesis and a research hypothesis?

The former only applies to antecedent variables and the latter to intervening variables. correct incorrect

The null hypothesis establishes that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the research hypothesis is the expectation of how two or more variables are related. correct incorrect

The research hypothesis establishes that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables and the null hypothesis is the expectation of how two or more variables are related. correct incorrect

The null hypothesis and the research hypothesis are the same. correct incorrect

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. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A theory is a testable mechanism for determining causation, whereas a hypothesis is an explanation for a theory. correct incorrect

A theory consists of variables whereas a hypothesis consists of ideas. correct incorrect

A theory is a generalized explanation for an observable outcome, and a hypothesis is an expectation of how two or more variables are related. correct incorrect

A theory is an expectation, whereas a hypothesis is a generalized expectation. correct incorrect

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. What is the abbreviation for a null hypothesis?

H1 correct incorrect

N1 correct incorrect

H0 correct incorrect

N0 correct incorrect

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. Observational studies:

attempt to establish causality among variables after events have already occurred correct incorrect

attempt to establish causality by using an experimental design correct incorrect

attempt to support null hypotheses correct incorrect

attempt to create spurious results correct incorrect