Assessment Questions 6.2

1. What is the significance of symbolic expression in the human past, as mentioned in the passage?

Symbolic expression appears to be a uniquely human ability, allowing humans to convert ideas into images that convey specific meanings. This ability involves the creation and interpretation of symbols, both abstract and realistic. Examples include stick-figure renderings of animals, Michelangelo's paintings, tally marks, mathematical formulas, geometric patterns on cave walls, and words in anthropology textbooks. The passage suggests that the ability to create and understand symbols defines the human mind.

2. What evidence of early art has been found in Indonesia, and what is its significance?

In Indonesia, specifically on the island of Sulawesi, researchers have found the oldest painted art in the world in seven caves. The paintings include images of animals, such as a miniature water buffalo (anon) and a wild pig species (barbirusa). Hand stencils have also been discovered. The paintings have been dated to 45,000 years ago, making them significant as early evidence of symbolic expression and artistic creation in this region.

3. How do researchers date Paleolithic paintings, and what challenges do they face?

Dating Paleolithic paintings can be challenging, but researchers use various methods. When organic material is part of the pigment or binder, radiocarbon dating can be applied. However, this may involve damaging the artwork. In some cases, calcite deposits (flowstone) overlying paintings are used for dating. By removing some of the calcite and applying uranium series dating procedures, researchers can determine a minimum age for the painting. The passage mentions examples from caves in northwestern Spain, such as El Castillo and Altamira, where this method has been employed.