Assessment Questions 2.3

1. How can geographic origin be inferred from skeletal remains, and what methods are discussed in this context?

Geographic origin can be inferred from skeletal traits, genetics, isotopes, and strontium isotope analysis. Skeletal traits, such as cranial characteristics, may indicate regional origins. Genetic tests on mtDNA and nuclear DNA, isotopic analysis, and strontium isotope analysis also provide insights into an individual's probable geographic origin.

2. Explain the role of strontium isotope analysis in determining geographic origin and migration patterns.

Strontium isotope analysis involves examining the ratio of strontium isotopes in tooth enamel or bones, reflecting the geographic region where an individual lived during tooth development or the past decade. This analysis helps trace migration patterns and social movement across a landscape.

3. What can be learned from paleopathology, and how does the study of stable carbon isotopes contribute to understanding ancient diets?

Paleopathology involves studying ancient diseases, trauma, or dietary deficiencies visible in skeletons. Stable carbon isotopes, specifically 13C signals, in bones can indicate the source of an individual's diet—whether they relied more on C3 plants (trees) or C4 plants (grasses and sedges).