Assessment Questions 13.3

1. Where was the capital of the Tiwanaku civilization located, and what characterized the city?

The capital of the Tiwanaku civilization was located in Bolivia at an elevation of 3,870 m (12,690 ft), just southeast of Lake Titicaca. The city, which developed around 200 C.E. and reached its zenith by about 400 C.E., encompassed an area of approximately 4.5 km2 (1.74 mi2). It was filled with palaces, temples, platforms, and massive monoliths, all crafted from single pieces of stone.

2. What types of stone were used by the builders of Tiwanaku, and how did they transport the stone?

The builders of Tiwanaku used hard and dense volcanic rock, andesite, as well as the softer sandstone, both abundant in the Tiwanaku region. The stone, often in enormous blocks, was quarried and transported to the city. Andesite was likely floated across Lake Titicaca on reed boats, while some large sandstone blocks were transported overland for 10 km (6 mi).

3. What are some examples of monumental works from the Tiwanaku civilization, and what is the significance of the Gateway of the Sun?

Examples of monumental works include the intricately carved Gateway of the Sun and the Bennett Monolith. The Gateway of the Sun is an enormous monolith depicting a Tiwanaku deity, and the Ponce Monolith is a huge sandstone depiction of a Tiwanaku god. These monuments showcase the labor, specialization, and impressive architecture of the Tiwanaku civilization. The Gateway of the Sun is particularly significant for its detailed carvings and the legacy it represents.