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Assessment Questions 1.13
1. How did the historical view of the universe differ from the modern scientific perspective, and who were the key figures in introducing this shift?
The historical view depicted an unchanging universe created less than 6,000 years ago, while the modern scientific perspective, introduced by Lyell and Darwin, views the universe as ancient, dynamic, unpredictable, and serendipitous.
2. What were the characteristics of the historical universe, and how do they contrast with the attributes of the modern scientific view?
The historical universe was simple, predictable, and reassuring, with fixed forms and qualities at creation. In contrast, the modern scientific view sees the universe as dynamic, unpredictable, and awe-inspiring.
3. According to John Ray, what role does knowledge play in distinguishing humans from animals and irrational beings?
John Ray emphasized that knowledge is what makes humans superior to animals and lower than angels. It enables virtue and happiness, distinguishing humans from animals and the irrational.