Figure 11.2

In a flowchart, workers is at the top. Autonomous E U concept Hoekstra, but no Treaty definition points down to, Lawrie-Blum: The essential feature of an employment relationship is that for a certain period of time a person performs services of some economic value for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration. This branches into economic activity and genuine and effective economic activity. Economic activity points down to, Steymann: unpaid work; Bettray: social employment schemes for rehabilitation. Genuine and effective points down to, Levin, Kempf: part-time work; Trojani: socio-occupational reintegration programmes; Ninni-Orasche: fixed-term contracts; Brown: pre-university industrial training.

Figure 11.2 Overview: The concept of ‘worker’

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