- Describe the social and religious world into which Muhammad was born.
- Discuss the impact of the Crusades on Muslim–Christian relations.
- Analyze how Muhammad’s death led to crises and dissents.
- Explain the major differences between Sunni Islam and Shiah Islam.
- Analyze the impact and results of the Arab Spring.
- Compare and contrast the motivations and impact of two or more modern Islamic reformers/reformist movements.