May have occurred in Regnerus’s study of same-sex parenting because it was funded by conservative foundations.

The final arbiter of the ethics of proposed studies at virtually all colleges and universities in the U.S.

The Belmont principle that underlies the ethical requirement of informed consent.

In field research, this may be safeguarded by using fictitious names for individuals, groups, and locations.

Protects participants’ freedom of choice to participate in research.

Secures research participants’ right to privacy.

The benefits and burdens of research should be fairly distributed.

Federal regulations for protecting research participants.

Poses questions concerning how to conduct research in moral and responsible ways.

Directs researchers to consider participants’ welfare by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the possible harms of research.

An essential procedure in studies involving deception that serves methodological and educational purposes.

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