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1) Discuss the empirical evidence for the claim that parties respond to shifts in public opinion.
2) What are the main arguments for and against the claim that the European Union is unresponsive to voters?
3) Describe how the descriptive representation of women has consequences for substantive representation.
4) What are the effects of female leaders in politics on government stability and policy outcomes?
5) Outline the main differences between majoritarian and proportional democratic models of democracy, in particular as they relate to the electoral system, the party system, legislative-executive relations, congruence between voters and politicians, responsiveness and accountability.
6) Proksch and Slapin have shown that party leaders in the UK are much more likely than those in Germany to let their members of parliament voice their opposition to the party line. Why is this so?