Chapter 28 Self-test questions

. Which statement is not correct about cyberspace?

Cyberspace has both virtual and physical components.

In security policy cyberspace serves both as an attack vector and as a sphere of operations.

Cyberspace is made up of communication networks, databases, servers, cables, and satellites.

'Internet' and 'cyberspace' are synonymous terms.

. What is the role of intelligence agencies in cyber-security?

Intelligence agencies often have superior resources to deal with cyber-threats.

Intelligence agencies actively exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to gather data.

The role of intelligence agencies in cyber-security often causes public unease.

All of the above

. What is 'hacktivism'?

Hacktivism is political activism conducted online.

Hacktivism is a form of state sponsored activism that is conducted online.

Hacktivism is the umbrella term for cyber-crime

All of the above

. What is the referent object in contemporary cyber-security?

Digitalized sensitive information

Critical Infrastructures

Government IT systems

Telecommunication networks

. In what ways might cyber-attacks be attractive to terrorist groups?

Prospect of anonymity

Wider selection of available targets

Ability to conduct attacks remotely

All of the above

. Are strategies of arms control useful in cyber-security?

No, arms control does not serve any purpose outside the realm of traditional military weapons.

Yes, successful policies of arms control have translated well from other security realms, such as nuclear weapons control strategies.

No, as the verification required for traditional arms control strategies is impossible in cyber(ed) warfare.

Yes, because the nature of technologies can be easily determined.

. In what way is international law applicable to cyber-security?

International Humanitarian Law (IHL) fully applies in cyber-operations.

The principle of state sovereignty and the international norms and principles that flow from sovereignty apply in cyberspace.

Concerning jus ad bellum, i.e. when a cyber-attack is considered an armed attack by another state.

All of the above

. What is 'malware'?

A virus or worm

A Trojan horse

A hacker tool

A corrupted program

. What is meant by the term 'cyber-crime'?

Any crime that uses computers to jeopardize or attempt to jeopardize national security

The use of computer networks to commit financial or identity fraud

The theft of digital information

Any crime that involves computers and networks

. In what ways does today's version of the Internet differ from the ARPANET established in the 1960s?

ARPANET provided a much more secure platform than the Internet we use today.

The Internet, unlike ARPANET, has been built with security in mind.

The Internet started as ARPANET in the 1960s and was never built with security in mind. This legacy, combined with the rapid growth of the network, its commercialization, and several economic and strategic interests make computer networks insecure.

The Internet, while modelled on the ARPANET from the 1960s, is much more sophisticated. Built with security in mind, it allows for a secure way to transfer sensitive information.

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