Chapter 4 Self-test questions

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. Which of the following are considerations when we think about validity? (Select all that apply.)

The methods we use to obtain knowledge correct incorrect

The relevancy of official government statistics correct incorrect

How knowledge can be used to inform the criminological knowledge base correct incorrect

The use of specific research methods correct incorrect

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. 'Knowledge and fact are the same thing.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. What is epistemology?

A tool used to study criminology correct incorrect

A branch of philosophy which examines the concept of knowledge correct incorrect

Another word for subjectivity correct incorrect

The study of hard facts to produce knowledge correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are the main epistemologies associated with criminology? (Select all that apply.)

Empiricism correct incorrect

Realism correct incorrect

Interpretivism correct incorrect

Positivism correct incorrect

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. What are the three elements of criminological knowledge creation?

Fact, supposition, study correct incorrect

Subjectivity, supposition, study correct incorrect

Subjectivity, epistemology, study correct incorrect

Fact, epistemology, supposition correct incorrect

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. What is classicism?

The study of historical criminological theories correct incorrect

A perspective which explains criminal behaviour as based on an individual's free will and rational choices correct incorrect

The first criminological theory based on empirical results correct incorrect

A school of thought which examines how crime and criminals are portrayed in classic books and films correct incorrect

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. 'Positivism emerged in response to classicism.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. 'Critical criminology argues that criminology should be focusing on ________.' What is the missing phrase?

who has the power to label correct incorrect

where blame for crime lies correct incorrect

what causes crime correct incorrect

hard, measurable evidence correct incorrect

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. Which viewpoints does androcentricism privilege in knowledge creation?

Male viewpoints correct incorrect

White, Westernised viewpoints correct incorrect

Female viewpoints correct incorrect

Heteronormative viewpoints correct incorrect

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. Media misrepresentation of crime can lead to… (Select all that apply.)

Misunderstanding correct incorrect

Exaggeration correct incorrect

Stereotyping correct incorrect

Extrapolation correct incorrect

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. 'Personal experiences can be used as supporting evidence for empirical research.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. What is supposition?

Using hard facts to work out the answer to a problem correct incorrect

Using assumptions and hypotheses to fill a knowledge gap correct incorrect

The act of undertaking positivist research correct incorrect

Studying objects and issues to understand them correct incorrect

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. 'Students of criminology tend to under-value supposition.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are ways through which we can study criminology? (Select all that apply.)

By hearing about it correct incorrect

By reading about it correct incorrect

By conducting empirical research correct incorrect

By observing it correct incorrect

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. In terms of research strategy, empirical research methods…

Can only be quantitative correct incorrect

Can only be qualitative correct incorrect

Can be quantitative or qualitative, or a mixture of both correct incorrect

Are neither quantitative or qualitative correct incorrect

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. 'Inductive research is used to generate brand new knowledge and understandings.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. What is reflexivity?

A process that enables researchers to consider their position and influence during the study correct incorrect

The stance or position that a researcher has chosen to adopt within a specific study correct incorrect

Confirmation that the right methods and approach are being used in a study correct incorrect

The ability to stay flexible about the methods and approach used in a study, so that you can respond to unforeseen developments correct incorrect

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. 'The independent variable (IV) is the environment, characteristic, or experience that is manipulated in an experiment.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which of these research methods could you use if you want to avoid issues of supposition and subjectivity?

Surveys correct incorrect

Questionnaires correct incorrect

Visual methods correct incorrect

None of them correct incorrect