Chapter 31 Self-test questions

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. What does abolitionism generally refer to?

The idea that institutionalised punishment and restraint is unjustifiable correct incorrect

The idea that laws should be abolished correct incorrect

The idea that concepts of justice are redundant correct incorrect

The idea that we should abolish the monarchy correct incorrect

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. What is the basis of 'transformative justice'?

Negotiation, consensus, and agreed frameworks for identifying and remedying wrongdoing correct incorrect

A commonly-agreed, transformative overhaul of the justice system correct incorrect

A programme of extensive measures to improve the effectiveness of justice systems correct incorrect

The argument that we should abolish the use of prison as a sanction for wrongdoing correct incorrect

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. Which of the following describes the principles at the heart of 'community justice'?

Providing speedy and efficient justice correct incorrect

Increasing the cost of offending through use of stiffer penalties correct incorrect

Embedding principles of human rights and social justice into criminal justice correct incorrect

Involving the public in criminal justice initiatives correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are key features of a critical perspective on punishment? (Select all that apply.)

Questioning the underlying assumptions about crime and punishments correct incorrect

Using theories and evidence to better understand crime and punishment correct incorrect

Criticising current policing and prosecution practices correct incorrect

Examining alternatives to accepted approaches to crime and punishment correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are considerations in relation to whether there is unjust punishment in criminal justice? (Select all that apply.)

That criminal justice does not meet minimum standards of fairness and consistency correct incorrect

That criminal justice punishments are too lenient correct incorrect

That there is evidence of inconsistency and discriminatory outcomes in criminal justice correct incorrect

That criminal justice is too expensive correct incorrect

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. 'Black, Asian, and ethnic minority people are more likely to be stopped and searched by the police than white people.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. What is meant by the term 'ethnic penalty' in the context of unjust punishment?

Increased costs of securing access to justice for certain ethnic groups correct incorrect

A process that criminal justice professionals can follow to check that their decisions are not affected by racial bias correct incorrect

Systematic differences experienced by members of ethnic groups compared to white citizens with the same background and characteristics correct incorrect

Delays in accessing justice for those living in more ethnically diverse areas correct incorrect

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. What is meant by the term 'bifurcation'?

The justice system is inherently racist and deliberately targets people from ethnic minorities correct incorrect

The justice system identifies offenders with specific characteristics as being particularly problematic correct incorrect

The justice system fails to consider complexity and operates in a binary manner correct incorrect

The justice system is inherently unfair and skewed towards wealthy defendants correct incorrect

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. 'Crime control was said to be an oppressive and mystifying process that worked through legislation, law-enforcement, and ideological stereotyping to preserve _______ class relations' (Rock, 2007: 23). What is the missing word in Rock's writing on social control?

unequal correct incorrect

racist correct incorrect

polarised correct incorrect

outdated correct incorrect

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. Foucault observes that 'the body as the major target of penal repression disappeared' (1977: 8) and instead, punishment became 'the most hidden part of the penal process' (1977: 9). What changes in punishment policy and practice is he referring to? (Select all that apply.)

The move away from punishment as spectacle correct incorrect

The shift in emphasis to the internal ordering and discipline of custodial regimes correct incorrect

The institutional ordering of custodial environments matches the ordering of work in modern capitalist society correct incorrect

The introduction of human rights correct incorrect

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. In his theory of social control, what did Stanley Cohen consider to be a consequence of rapid economic demographic and technological change?

A weakening of the traditional structures of adjudication and control correct incorrect

A shift towards a risk-sensitive and risk-driven social and penal ethos correct incorrect

A shift towards the use of community justice instead of prison correct incorrect

A more liberal criminal justice system correct incorrect

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. What are the central ideas behind Gramsci's notion of 'hegemony' in criminal justice? (Select all that apply.)

Conformity and dominance can be maintained without routine use of coercion correct incorrect

The domination and control of the justice system is established within the social order correct incorrect

The idea of justice and the power of the state to provide justice is accepted and legitimised correct incorrect

The use of force is a routine and integral part of the exercise of criminal justice correct incorrect

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. What is generally meant by 'crimes of the privileged and powerful'?

Crimes committed by corrupt politicians correct incorrect

Crimes committed by powerful organised crime groups correct incorrect

Crimes committed by influential individuals, corporations, or states correct incorrect

Crimes committed by overseas agents correct incorrect

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. What is the key objective of war crimes tribunals?

To prosecute nation-states for their involvement in war crimes correct incorrect

To prosecute culpable individuals for their role in atrocities correct incorrect

To heal wider social divisions within a society following conflict correct incorrect

To enforce the outcome of a conflict correct incorrect

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. Which of the following best describes what is generally thought of as 'state crime'?

Unjustified state use of surveillance, force, or restraint correct incorrect

Rogue states that refuse to comply with international norms correct incorrect

Unfair election processes correct incorrect

Unjustified refusal to acknowledge victims' rights correct incorrect

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. From a critical perspective, what are some of the key concerns about 'crimes of the powerful'? (Select all that apply.)

Powerful interests can control mechanisms of justice correct incorrect

Powerful interests can control how crime is represented in the media correct incorrect

Powerful interests can influence the focus of criminal justice attention correct incorrect

There is a lack of public interest in crimes of the powerful correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are considered to be critical solutions for crime and conflict? (Select all that apply.)

Developing a written constitution correct incorrect

Community justice correct incorrect

Abolitionism correct incorrect

Public inquiries correct incorrect

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. What is generally meant by 'truth and reconciliation' in the context of a critical approach to justice following conflict?

Promoting the resolution of a 'collective' conflict or historical injustice correct incorrect

Bringing offenders to justice correct incorrect

Prosecuting international crimes correct incorrect

Promoting the interests of one aggrieved community over another correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are principles of community justice? (Select all that apply.)

Processes should be participatory, consensual, and open correct incorrect

Anyone with an interest should be able to contribute to the process correct incorrect

An appropriate adversarial process should be applied correct incorrect

The process should involve lawyers who are familiar with the community correct incorrect

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. What is the central idea underpinning abolitionism as a critical perspective?

An end to the building of new prisons correct incorrect

An end to the use of penal sanctions within criminal justice correct incorrect

An end to the involvement of private companies in criminal justice correct incorrect

An end to the use of the death penalty correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a criticism that has been levelled at critical criminology?

It lacks value correct incorrect

It lacks understanding of crime problems correct incorrect

It is unrealistic and idealistic correct incorrect

It is too narrow in focus correct incorrect

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. Critical criminology has faced some challenges over its willingness to compromise with established criminology. Which of the following issues are raised within this criticism? (Select all that apply.)

Taking conventional definitions of 'crime' at face value correct incorrect

In some areas critical criminologists are almost indistinguishable from mainstream criminologists correct incorrect

Critical criminology has failed to engage with areas of inequality correct incorrect

Critical criminology does not sufficiently engage with contemporary issues correct incorrect

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. 'In the 1980s, left realists began to argue that crime should be understood as a form of __________ that negatively affects working class people's lives.' What are the missing words in this sentence?

social harm correct incorrect

racial bias correct incorrect

public evil correct incorrect

private harm correct incorrect

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. What is the criticism levelled at critical criminology in terms of its analysis of the inadequate functioning of the state criminal justice apparatus?

It misunderstands the necessity of criminal justice correct incorrect

It ignores the relationship between the state and corporate interests correct incorrect

It does not go far enough in its criticism correct incorrect

The state does not engage with criminology correct incorrect