Chapter 3 Self-test questions

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. 'Justice can be said to have been served when the rules are applied, and injustice arises if the rules are either not applied or are misapplied.' Which of the following are among the problems with this definition? (Select all that apply.)

The rules may not be fair correct incorrect

It is too broad and nuanced correct incorrect

The human experience is too complex correct incorrect

It is incorrect—justice has nothing to do with rules correct incorrect

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. What did the famous judge Lord Mansfield advise a decision-maker not to do?

Punish the poor correct incorrect

Explain their decision correct incorrect

Consider what justice required correct incorrect

Make a decision too quickly correct incorrect

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. Which of the following descriptions most accurately reflects the concept of social justice?

Reparation for the harms inflicted on communities and groups by large corporations correct incorrect

Consideration of the way in which benefits and burdens are distributed in society, and how this came about correct incorrect

When a community takes matters of criminal justice into its own hands and imposes punishment on offenders correct incorrect

A justice response which brings together victims, criminals, and sometimes members of the community to build understanding and repair the harms caused correct incorrect

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. Who argued that justice is a socially constructed concept and can be usefully adjusted as communities and societies progress?

William Macpherson correct incorrect

Lord Mansfield correct incorrect

David Hume correct incorrect

John Rawls correct incorrect

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. Which of the following was a Bureaucratic theorist?

Émile Durkheim correct incorrect

Max Weber correct incorrect

Cesare Beccaria correct incorrect

Amartya Sen correct incorrect

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. Which model of criminal justice does the following describe?
'The driving aim of this model is to deliver law and order—to punish all offenders swiftly and harshly in order to deter and therefore to protect the public.'

Due process model correct incorrect

Crime control model correct incorrect

Bureaucratic model correct incorrect

Rights model correct incorrect

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. Which of the following statements best describes the 'due process model'?

The state best delivers justice by protecting democratic freedoms. correct incorrect

The state best delivers justice if it ensures defendants are fairly treated and if it only convicts people when their guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt. correct incorrect

The state best delivers justice by punishing offenders swiftly and harshly and by ensuring that no crimes go unpunished in order to deter and therefore to protect the public. correct incorrect

The state best delivers justice by setting and following procedures, recording information, and acting efficiently and effectively. correct incorrect

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. Which model is based on the protections that are most fundamental to the freedom of the individual?

Due process model correct incorrect

Rights model correct incorrect

Medical model correct incorrect

Status passage model correct incorrect

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. 'For Aristotle, justice should never take into account equality, or lack of it—everyone should be treated in the same way.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Who wrote A Theory of Justice (1971)?

Émile Durkheim correct incorrect

Cesare Beccaria correct incorrect

Amartya Sen correct incorrect

John Rawls correct incorrect

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. Choose the statement which best describes Rawls' first principle of justice.

Offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. correct incorrect

Each person should have an equal right to as much basic liberty as is possible when making sure that everyone else enjoys the same amount of liberty. correct incorrect

Social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are to everyone's advantage, but where this is not fair they should most benefit the least-advantaged. correct incorrect

Equals should be treated the same, but unequals should be treated differently in proportion to their inequality in situations where there are important differences. correct incorrect

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. What is generally recognised to be Amartya Sen's central concept for justice?

Control correct incorrect

Rights correct incorrect

Fairness correct incorrect

Process correct incorrect

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. What is a main policy recommendation of John Braithwaite's (1989) 'reintegrative shaming' theory?

Distributive justice correct incorrect

Restorative justice correct incorrect

Social justice correct incorrect

Legal justice correct incorrect

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. Which theorist stated that, 'as members of the community, we should see them [crimes] not merely as the victim's wrongs but as "our" wrongs' (2001: 63)?

John Rawls correct incorrect

Anthony Duff correct incorrect

Émile Durkheim correct incorrect

John Braithwaite correct incorrect

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. In section 3.5, what did we conclude that the whole Criminal Justice System (in its ideal form) exists to do?

Control the population and keep individuals in line. correct incorrect

Ensure that those who break society's rules are punished. correct incorrect

Drive the economy. correct incorrect

Empower the population to live full and free lives. correct incorrect

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. What are the core elements of the adversarial system that originated in the UK? (Select all that apply.)

Trial in court correct incorrect

Oral evidence (heard at the trial) correct incorrect

Clear rules for how the trial is conducted, and what evidence is permitted correct incorrect

A case file or dossier correct incorrect

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. 'The inquisitorial system is mainly used in countries with civil legal systems and is focused on a search for the truth.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which models consider punishment to be unjust if the punishment is more severe for certain groups (the poor) by failing to take account of their situation? (Select all that apply.)

Conservative communitarians. correct incorrect

Radical communitarians. correct incorrect

The stigmatisation or status passage model. correct incorrect

The power model. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are descriptive models? (Select all that apply.)

Due process correct incorrect

Bureaucratic correct incorrect

Power correct incorrect

Rights correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are normative models? (Select all that apply.)

Crime control correct incorrect

Rights correct incorrect

Status passage correct incorrect

Due process correct incorrect