Chapter 27 Self-test questions

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. The crime control model incorporates a number of assumptions about how best to deal with crime. Which of the following factors are part of the crime control model? (Select all that apply.)

Criminality is unpredictable correct incorrect

Offenders should be held accountable and punished appropriately correct incorrect

Pre-emptive action can be taken to stop offenders from committing crime correct incorrect

Offending and criminality are essentially irrational correct incorrect

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. What is meant by the idea that the crime control model adopts a 'non-problematic' view of crime?

That what constitutes crime and criminality is clearly understood correct incorrect

That there are various approaches and understandings to dealing with crime correct incorrect

That approaches to crime should always be based on a due process model of fairness correct incorrect

That crime can be stopped by arbitrary use of force for the greater good correct incorrect

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. What is the principal aim of criminal justice, according to advocates of the crime control approach?

To stop crime by any means necessary correct incorrect

To stop crime at all costs correct incorrect

To stop crime using whatever lawful means are necessary correct incorrect

To stop crime according to principles of fairness and rehabilitation correct incorrect

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. On which basis did Packer suggest that the crime control approach should be judged?

Efficiency, speed of response and certainty of outcomes correct incorrect

Sympathetic treatment of offenders and fairness of outcomes correct incorrect

Volume of cases dealt with correct incorrect

Average severity of punishment correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are considered to be objectives of crime control? (Select all that apply.)

Rehabilitating offenders and upholding their rights correct incorrect

Reassuring the public correct incorrect

Incapacitating offenders correct incorrect

Minimising harm caused by an offence correct incorrect

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. What is the purpose of 'target hardening' as a crime control tool?

To make crime detectable when it occurs correct incorrect

To displace crime to another area correct incorrect

To make crime physically difficult to commit correct incorrect

To increase the visibility of crime correct incorrect

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. What crime control objective is associated with the concept of 'defensible space'?

To make crime more visible correct incorrect

To punish offenders who commit crime in certain areas correct incorrect

To alter environments so crime is less likely to occur correct incorrect

To incorporate punishment into the design of urban areas correct incorrect

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. Which of the following best describes the overarching objective or purpose of the crime control approach?

Identification of possible victims correct incorrect

Identification of offenders correct incorrect

Identification and management/removal of risk and threat correct incorrect

Identification of serious offences and reform of justice systems to address these correct incorrect

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. What is meant by the term 'focused deterrence'?

Focus on possible victims correct incorrect

Focus on at risk communities correct incorrect

Focus on known or repeat offenders correct incorrect

Focus on high profile targets, e.g. government buildings correct incorrect

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. What is meant by 'zero tolerance' policing?

Applying harsh penalties for serious crimes correct incorrect

Applying harsh penalties for hate crimes correct incorrect

Taking policing action over minor infractions correct incorrect

Taking swift policing action to address bias or corruption in the system correct incorrect

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. What is meant by 'intelligence-led' policing?

Collecting purely quantitative crime data correct incorrect

Collecting and analysing prosecution statistics correct incorrect

Using tip-offs and informants correct incorrect

Making systematic use of evidence and strategic use of resources correct incorrect

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. Which of the following have been identified as distinct policing models? (Select all that apply.)

Community policing correct incorrect

Neighbourhood policing correct incorrect

Problem-oriented policing correct incorrect

Morality policing correct incorrect

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. What is the idea behind 'planning out' crime?

Enhancing security and creating 'safe' places correct incorrect

Making crime more visible correct incorrect

Better planning to catch offenders correct incorrect

Planning for tougher sentences correct incorrect

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. What are the ways in which more recent crime control models have suggested that communities can manage and deal with their crime problems? (Select all that apply.)

By taking steps to avoid victimisation correct incorrect

By bringing forward private prosecutions correct incorrect

By proactively discouraging crime correct incorrect

By creating dialogue between victims and offenders correct incorrect

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. In what way(s) can it be argued that crime control has been privatised, even if only partially? (Select all that apply.)

Private security carries out crime control at some events correct incorrect

Some custodial environments are managed by private firms correct incorrect

The police may accept sponsorship correct incorrect

Communities have become more pro-active in discouraging crime correct incorrect

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. Which of the following describes how the judiciary are involved in crime control?

Courts use sentencing to constrain, incapacitate, or deter known or likely future offenders correct incorrect

The judiciary devise and publicise crime control laws correct incorrect

The judiciary implement policing powers correct incorrect

Courts use sentencing to uphold the rights of offenders correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a core belief of the crime control approach?

It is possible to calculate the probability of antisocial acts and devise methods to deal with crime correct incorrect

Crime is fundamentally unpredictable but technology can deal with it after the event correct incorrect

Crime defies patterns because offenders act at random correct incorrect

Crime cannot be controlled but can be effectively punished correct incorrect

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. What is the purpose of using predictive tools in crime control? (Select all that apply.)

To make reliable predictions about criminogenic environments correct incorrect

To assess the risk that offenders might pose correct incorrect

To improve the efficiency of police officers correct incorrect

To predict the outcomes of court processes correct incorrect

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. What does 'pattern theory' suggest?

There are patterns to crime that can be identified and disrupted correct incorrect

Crime follows a random pattern correct incorrect

All policing should adhere to a consistent pattern correct incorrect

Changes in criminal justice policy follow a predictable pattern correct incorrect

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. What does a 'pragmatic' approach to offender management and punishment entail?

Prioritising incapacitation over other interests correct incorrect

Prioritising deterrence over other interests correct incorrect

Prioritising correctional interventions over other interests correct incorrect

Prioritising cost-effective risk management that strikes a balance correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the underlying assumptions of the scientific approach to crime control? (Select all that apply.)

Offenders are irrational correct incorrect

We can calculate the costs and benefits of stopping crime correct incorrect

Offenders are rational correct incorrect

We can produce and rely on homogenous approaches for offending correct incorrect

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. 'It is only recently that technological developments have started to be incorporated into criminal justice.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Bowling, Marks, and Murphy (2008) developed a typology of technological applications in crime control. Which of the following are among their categories? (Select all that apply.)

Defensive technologies correct incorrect

Surveillant technologies correct incorrect

Coercive technologies correct incorrect

Reflective technologies correct incorrect

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. What potential criticism has been raised about the areas that crime control approaches target?

Attention is focused on easy targets with measurable losses correct incorrect

Attention is focused primarily on minor crimes correct incorrect

Attention is focused mainly on financial crimes correct incorrect

Attention is focused mainly on low value street crimes correct incorrect

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. What do population-level estimates of deterrent effects refer to?

Overall crime rates correct incorrect

Crime rates within specific cultures correct incorrect

Individual offender crime rates correct incorrect

Crime rates in specific geographical areas correct incorrect

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. Which of the following suggest that custodial interventions may not be as effective as hoped? (Select all that apply.)

High reoffending rates related to custodial sentences correct incorrect

The age of the prison population correct incorrect

High workloads for probation staff correct incorrect

High levels of public support for the use of prisons correct incorrect

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. 'The idea that designing out crime "works" as a form of crime control relies on the assumption that crime rates will fall if _________.' What is the missing phrase?

The likely penalty is severe correct incorrect

It is made harder to commit an offence correct incorrect

There are sufficient numbers of police correct incorrect

There is public support for criminal justice correct incorrect

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. What is the influence of rational choice theory on crime control approaches?

Crime is irrational so deterrence needs to be severe to have any effect correct incorrect

Crime is rational and opportunistic so target hardening and situational crime should reduce it correct incorrect

Crime is random so increased surveillance is needed to identify any patterns in offender behaviour correct incorrect

Crime is both random and fluid so offender behaviour is unpredictable correct incorrect

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. Which of the following might be seen as evidence that crime control 'works'? (Select all that apply.)

Some forms of incarceration achieve a reduction in reoffending correct incorrect

Target hardening and environmental planning can reduce offending correct incorrect

Targeted policing can have a deterrent effect in some areas correct incorrect

Rehabilitation is not always effective correct incorrect

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. 'The crime control perspective can be seen as implicated in institutional racism.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. How does crime control risk legitimising miscarriages of justice?

It prioritises maintenance of order and crime control over due process correct incorrect

It prioritises the interests of offenders over the needs of communities correct incorrect

It prioritises rehabilitative approaches over strict law and order correct incorrect

It prioritises the use of technology over evidence-based approaches correct incorrect

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. What criticism might be raised against the claims of impartiality and balance in crime control?

Crime control involves choices about what crimes and offenders to target correct incorrect

Crime control is entirely random and so is unfair correct incorrect

Crime control is non-specific correct incorrect

Crime control adopts a broad approach and fails to make choices about which offenders and crimes to target correct incorrect