Chapter 26 Self-test questions

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. What is the central assumption that underpins crime prevention strategies?

That crime cannot be prevented but can be managed and controlled correct incorrect

That crime can be displaced from one area to another correct incorrect

That crime and its causes can be understood and measures can be taken to eradicate or substantially reduce crime correct incorrect

That careful design can mitigate the effects of crime correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are potential focal points where crime prevention efforts might be concentrated? (Select all that apply.)

Criminogenic environments (risky situations) correct incorrect

Criminogenic employment or occupations (specific industries) correct incorrect

Potential offenders ('risky' people) correct incorrect

Vulnerable groups or communities correct incorrect

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. Which of the following factors are challenges in developing crime prevention responses? (Select all that apply.)

'Risk' has to be specified and quantified correct incorrect

What works has to be carefully developed and evaluated correct incorrect

Offenders have to be fully in agreement with crime prevention strategies correct incorrect

Desired outcomes for prevention strategies must be clearly identified and achieved correct incorrect

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. Which of the following best describes the principle(s) behind the move away from welfare-led initiatives and towards forms of crime prevention such as those aimed at de-radicalisation (e.g. Prevent) or addressing specific crimes (e.g. knife crime)?

Increased criminalisation correct incorrect

Increased offender supervision correct incorrect

Risk identification and risk management correct incorrect

Reactive policing correct incorrect

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. Which of the following objectives might be an integral part of crime prevention strategies? (Select all that apply.)

Diverting potential offenders from crime correct incorrect

Safeguarding potential victims correct incorrect

Providing reassurance to the general public correct incorrect

Promoting community safety correct incorrect

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. Which of the following describes the broad, symbolic objective of crime prevention strategies?

Maintaining and reaffirming the moral order correct incorrect

Punishing offenders correct incorrect

Retribution for communities correct incorrect

Prioritising serious crime correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the challenges in setting priorities for crime prevention? (Select all that apply.)

Issues of defining what crime to prevent correct incorrect

Prioritising interventions correct incorrect

The costs and choices involved correct incorrect

Unintended consequences of crime prevention correct incorrect

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. Why are communities considered important to effective crime prevention?

They are often victims of crime correct incorrect

Their disapproval is important when defining and prioritising crime correct incorrect

Strong community relationships and collaboration help with crime prevention correct incorrect

They are important in understanding crime correct incorrect

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. Which of the following describes the most distinctive aspect of Brantingham and Faust's (1976) crime prevention model?

'Primary', 'secondary', and 'tertiary' prevention correct incorrect

Identifying vulnerable groups correct incorrect

Proactive policing correct incorrect

Reactive policing correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are objectives of the Prevent strategy? (Select all that apply.)

To respond to the ideological challenge of terrorism correct incorrect

To prevent people from being drawn into terrorism correct incorrect

To work with sectors and institutions where there are risks of radicalisation correct incorrect

To highlight the existence of radicalisation within certain cultures correct incorrect

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. What is the key idea behind social crime prevention?

That crime prevention should address the physical situations in which crime occurs correct incorrect

That crime can be reduced through target hardening initiatives correct incorrect

That criminality is a product of a range of influences that impact on an offender and shape their behaviour correct incorrect

That crime can be reduced through increased policing correct incorrect

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. Which of the following might be used to support 'target hardening' crime prevention measures? (Select all that apply.)

Erecting fencing and improving locks correct incorrect

Better street lighting correct incorrect

Covert (unseen) CCTV correct incorrect

Security marking of goods correct incorrect

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. 'Better street lighting has been found to be effective in reducing crime.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Farrington et al. (2012: 62) cite impulsiveness and school achievement as examples of which type of risk factor for offending?

Social correct incorrect

Individual correct incorrect

Familial correct incorrect

Radical correct incorrect

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. 'Social skills training has been reported to be ineffective in terms of reducing the likelihood of young people being drawn into criminality.' True or false?

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are among the developmental crime prevention initiatives aimed at promoting life-course changes that have been used by the UK government? (Select all that apply.)

Early Learning correct incorrect

Troubled Families correct incorrect

Sure Start correct incorrect

Change Together correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are areas in which crime prevention has been found to work? (Select all that apply.)

Community interventions correct incorrect

Situational crime prevention correct incorrect

Correctional interventions correct incorrect

Drug treatment interventions correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is one of the challenges associated with taking the evidence of crime prevention 'success' at face value?

There is a simple causal effect to consider correct incorrect

The evidence must always be based on a reduction in incidents correct incorrect

The evidence may show that crime was prevented or reduced but might not clearly identify what caused the prevention correct incorrect

The evidence must be replicated elsewhere to be reliable correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a key reason why it is difficult to measure the success of crime prevention?

We need to factor in the human and financial costs associated with outcomes, including hidden costs correct incorrect

Success is based on the popularity of crime prevention initiatives correct incorrect

There are absolute measurements that can be used correct incorrect

There are no known measurements for crime prevention initiatives correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are possible consequences of crime prevention? (Select all that apply.)

Adaptation correct incorrect

Escalation correct incorrect

Deflection correct incorrect

Mitigation correct incorrect

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. Why is displacement a negative consequence of crime prevention initiatives?

Displacement represents a form of escalation of crime correct incorrect

Displacement simply moves crime from one place to another correct incorrect

Displacement facilitates the commission of offences correct incorrect

Displacement deflects only some offenders from committing crime correct incorrect

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. Which of the following are problematic forms of displacement? (Select all that apply.)

When offences are committed in different way correct incorrect

When offences are committed somewhere else correct incorrect

When police respond to offences in a different way correct incorrect

When crimes are carried out in a different place correct incorrect

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. What is 'deflection' in crime prevention terms?

The blocking of a criminal opportunity correct incorrect

Moving a criminal opportunity elsewhere correct incorrect

Diverting an offender to a 'lesser' offence correct incorrect

Increasing the likelihood of the offender being apprehended correct incorrect

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. Which of the following has been raised as a criticism of the idea of crime prevention?

Crime prevention initiatives are impractical, ineffective, or even counterproductive correct incorrect

Crime prevention cannot be evaluated correct incorrect

Crime prevention requires offender compliance or 'buy in' correct incorrect

Crime prevention initiatives are often unpopular correct incorrect

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. Dispersal powers were initially popular but what potential problem was identified when they were evaluated?

Crime became worse correct incorrect

Offenders escalated to more serious offending correct incorrect

Crime was displaced rather than prevented correct incorrect

Offenders simply ignored dispersal powers correct incorrect

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. Why is replication and transferability important in determining 'what works'?

To assess the validity of the technique or intervention correct incorrect

To prevent bias in reporting of results correct incorrect

To prevent discrimination in how the technique is applied correct incorrect

To identify where additional resources might be needed correct incorrect

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. What is the potential consequence of the reduction in the proportion of total UK government funding for 'public safety', including policing and crime prevention, from 5.5 per cent to 4 per cent between 1995 and 2015 (according to the ONS)?

Individuals and communities may have to fill the gap correct incorrect

Increased probation workloads correct incorrect

Increased police workloads correct incorrect

Increased court workloads correct incorrect