Chapter 16 Self-test questions

1. During which century did positivism become prominent?

2. 'Positivist criminology is the use of criminological theories to take a more positive, empathetic approach to understanding offending behaviour.' True or false?

3. 'Where there is correlation between the data collected, this means that one element causes the other element.' True or false?

4. 'Positivism suggests that people offend out of their own free will, so they should be punished for incorrect choices.' True or false?

5. What term do criminologists use to describe a particular type of behaviour that is caused by a physical or mental condition?

6. Who among the positivist criminologists proposed the idea of a 'born criminal'?

7. What did Lombroso mean when he said criminals were 'atavistic throwbacks'?

8. Which of the following descriptions best encapsulates Sheldon's 'endomorph' body type?

9. Which positivist theorist believed it was possible to predict and read behaviour from facial features?

10. Damage to which part of the brain is most likely to result in an impaired ability to understand the consequences of actions or impaired ability to learn from previous experience?

11. Which of the following have been studied by criminologists and scientists in order to investigate the influence of genetics on human behaviour? (Select all that apply.)

12. Which of the following is an accurate description of the relationship between biological factors and crime?

13. What type of theory studies the genetic changes which might result from environment or upbringing?

14. 'Only illegal substances which are introduced into the body can affect the way in which the brain functions and therefore influence behaviour.' True or false?

15. If, when a person has an unacceptable thought, motive, or feeling, they attribute it to someone else, Freud calls this…

16. Which theory suggests that people learn through interactions with other people and real learning arises out of copying the behaviour of others?

17. How does Eysenck suggest that we develop our personality?

18. Eysenck added additional spectrums to Jung's extroversion-introversion spectrum. What were they? (Select all that apply.)

19. 'Learning theories argue that most behaviours are in some way learnt.' True or false?

20. Which physiologist accidentally discovered classical conditioning?

21. 'Operant conditioning is the term used to describe passive learning.' True or false?

22. Which psychologist was responsible for the 'Bobo doll' experiment??

23. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to try to alter the behaviour of offenders, particularly young offenders?

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