Chapter 16 Self-test questions

. During which century did positivism become prominent?

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

. 'Positivist criminology is the use of criminological theories to take a more positive, empathetic approach to understanding offending behaviour.' True or false?

True

False

. 'Where there is correlation between the data collected, this means that one element causes the other element.' True or false?

True

False

. 'Positivism suggests that people offend out of their own free will, so they should be punished for incorrect choices.' True or false?

True

False

. What term do criminologists use to describe a particular type of behaviour that is caused by a physical or mental condition?

Positivistic

Pathological

Genetic

Atavistic

. Who among the positivist criminologists proposed the idea of a 'born criminal'?

William Sheldon

Francis Galton

Charles Goring

Cesare Lombroso

. What did Lombroso mean when he said criminals were 'atavistic throwbacks'?

Their brain development has been interfered with

They have psychotic personalities

Their genetic makeup is more primitive

Their learning has been impeded

. Which of the following descriptions best encapsulates Sheldon's 'endomorph' body type?

Physically soft and round, often fat; have friendly and sociable temperaments

Physically muscular and athletic; have assertive and active temperaments

Physically thin and weak; temperamentally focused on privacy and restraint; very self-aware

Physically ill-proportioned; have erratic and often aggressive temperaments

. Which positivist theorist believed it was possible to predict and read behaviour from facial features?

Cesare Lombroso

William Sheldon

Frances Galton

Sigmund Freud

. Damage to which part of the brain is most likely to result in an impaired ability to understand the consequences of actions or impaired ability to learn from previous experience?

Temporal and occipital lobes

Brain stem

Frontal and pre-frontal lobes

Parietal lobe

. Which of the following have been studied by criminologists and scientists in order to investigate the influence of genetics on human behaviour? (Select all that apply.)

Twins

Romantic couples

Adoptions

Families

. Which of the following is an accurate description of the relationship between biological factors and crime?

They are directly causative of all violent crime

They are one factor in a range of factors affecting criminal behaviour

They are never related to criminal behaviour

They are interesting to discuss but cannot help us understand criminal behaviour

. What type of theory studies the genetic changes which might result from environment or upbringing?

Epigenetic

Genetic

Somatotyping

Biochemical

. 'Only illegal substances which are introduced into the body can affect the way in which the brain functions and therefore influence behaviour.' True or false?

True

False

. If, when a person has an unacceptable thought, motive, or feeling, they attribute it to someone else, Freud calls this…

Repression

Projection

Regression

Displacement

. Which theory suggests that people learn through interactions with other people and real learning arises out of copying the behaviour of others?

Operant learning

Cognitive learning

Social learning

Classical learning

. How does Eysenck suggest that we develop our personality?

It is completely predetermined by genetics

Partly through genetics and partly through social factors

Through social factors and societal conditioning

By deliberately cultivating the characteristics we prefer

. Eysenck added additional spectrums to Jung's extroversion-introversion spectrum. What were they? (Select all that apply.)

Psychoticism

Exoticism

Neuroticism

Ambivertion

. 'Learning theories argue that most behaviours are in some way learnt.' True or false?

True

False

. Which physiologist accidentally discovered classical conditioning?

Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Alberta Bandura

Ivan Pavlov

. 'Operant conditioning is the term used to describe passive learning.' True or false?

True

False

. Which psychologist was responsible for the 'Bobo doll' experiment??

Alberta Bandura

Sigmund Freud

Ivan Pavlov

Lawrence Kohlberg

. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to try to alter the behaviour of offenders, particularly young offenders?

Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

Psychoanalysis

Cognitive psychology