Chapter 16 Self-test questions

. During which century did positivism become prominent?

. 'Positivist criminology is the use of criminological theories to take a more positive, empathetic approach to understanding offending behaviour.' True or false?

. 'Where there is correlation between the data collected, this means that one element causes the other element.' True or false?

. 'Positivism suggests that people offend out of their own free will, so they should be punished for incorrect choices.' True or false?

. What term do criminologists use to describe a particular type of behaviour that is caused by a physical or mental condition?

. Who among the positivist criminologists proposed the idea of a 'born criminal'?

. What did Lombroso mean when he said criminals were 'atavistic throwbacks'?

. Which of the following descriptions best encapsulates Sheldon's 'endomorph' body type?

. Which positivist theorist believed it was possible to predict and read behaviour from facial features?

. Damage to which part of the brain is most likely to result in an impaired ability to understand the consequences of actions or impaired ability to learn from previous experience?

. Which of the following have been studied by criminologists and scientists in order to investigate the influence of genetics on human behaviour? (Select all that apply.)

. Which of the following is an accurate description of the relationship between biological factors and crime?

. What type of theory studies the genetic changes which might result from environment or upbringing?

. 'Only illegal substances which are introduced into the body can affect the way in which the brain functions and therefore influence behaviour.' True or false?

. If, when a person has an unacceptable thought, motive, or feeling, they attribute it to someone else, Freud calls this…

. Which theory suggests that people learn through interactions with other people and real learning arises out of copying the behaviour of others?

. How does Eysenck suggest that we develop our personality?

. Eysenck added additional spectrums to Jung's extroversion-introversion spectrum. What were they? (Select all that apply.)

. 'Learning theories argue that most behaviours are in some way learnt.' True or false?

. Which physiologist accidentally discovered classical conditioning?

. 'Operant conditioning is the term used to describe passive learning.' True or false?

. Which psychologist was responsible for the 'Bobo doll' experiment??

. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to try to alter the behaviour of offenders, particularly young offenders?

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