Chapter 12 Self-test questions

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. Which theory challenges the assumption of human superiority and asserts that all life-forms interact with and affect their environment?

The Avatar hypothesis correct incorrect

The Gaia hypothesis correct incorrect

The Green hypothesis correct incorrect

The One-World hypothesis correct incorrect

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. When was the term 'green criminology' first coined?

1980 correct incorrect

1990 correct incorrect

2000 correct incorrect

2010 correct incorrect

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. The concerns of green criminology are wide-ranging, but what are its main foci? (Select all that apply.)

The harm caused to the environment and animals correct incorrect

Illegal exploitation of natural resources (fauna and flora) correct incorrect

Failures in environmental laws and regulations correct incorrect

What constitutes 'crime' and 'harm' correct incorrect

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. Which of these terms refers to taking the traditional knowledge of indigenous people without them being aware or compensated and exploiting it to produce medicines or for use in food and drink production?

Biotheft correct incorrect

Biopiracy correct incorrect

Bio-burglary correct incorrect

Bio-stealing correct incorrect

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. Which of the following stages of a product's life cycle have the potential to harm the environment? (Select all that apply.)

Sourcing raw materials correct incorrect

Production correct incorrect

Marketing correct incorrect

Distribution correct incorrect

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. From a green criminology perspective, what is the problem with Smith's (1776) idea of the 'invisible hand' of the market? (Select all that apply.)

It was developed by an economist so is not suitable for criminological discussions. correct incorrect

It does not take into account wider environmental harms. correct incorrect

It does not consider the role of consumers in the market. correct incorrect

It was developed in the 18th century. correct incorrect

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. Which theory suggests that changes in production accelerate environmental degradation, or the erosion of the natural environment and the destruction of ecosystems?

Invisible hand correct incorrect

Capitalism correct incorrect

Treadmill of production correct incorrect

Negative externality correct incorrect

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. What percentage of the world's energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuels?

20% correct incorrect

40% correct incorrect

60% correct incorrect

80% correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is not one of the three core concepts associated with an 'eco-justice' perspective?

Environmental justice correct incorrect

Ecological deprivation correct incorrect

Ecological justice correct incorrect

Ecocide correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is the term used to describe racial discrimination in environmental policy making and the enforcement of regulations and laws?

Environmental racism correct incorrect

Environmental discrimination correct incorrect

Environmental deprivation correct incorrect

Environmental injustice correct incorrect

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. Which of the following statements reflect the arguments of ecological justice? (Select all that apply.)

The environment itself and non-human nature are most important. correct incorrect

We should protect the environment because this is a worthwhile goal in itself. correct incorrect

We should protect the environment because it can benefit us. correct incorrect

Environmental harms should be brought into the remit of justice. correct incorrect

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. What is the name of the treaty in which ecocide must be included if cases of ecocide are to be considered by the International Criminal Court?

The Higgins Treaty correct incorrect

The Rome Statute correct incorrect

The Hague Treaty correct incorrect

The Geneva Statute correct incorrect

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. The nature of environmental victimisation raises some important issues that are relevant for criminology more widely. Which of the following are among these? (Select all that apply.)

Harms suffered can involve an extended group or community of victims. correct incorrect

Perpetrators are often corporations or states. correct incorrect

Lawful activity can often cause considerable victimisation. correct incorrect

Green harms are only 'crimes' if the written law states that they are. correct incorrect

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. Instead of discussing and responding to harmful acts as defined by legal frameworks, what do many green criminologists argue that we should become?

Anthropocentric correct incorrect

Biocentric correct incorrect

Earthcentric correct incorrect

Envirocentric correct incorrect

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. Critical green criminologists argue that not only is there too much focus on punishment and not enough on addressing the harm, but some laws and regulations do not work as the levels of fines or sentences imposed are not severe enough to change behaviour. Which of the following sanctions do they advocate? (Select all that apply.)

Heavier fines consistent with a corporation's economic power and profit margins correct incorrect

International economic sanctions correct incorrect

Imprisonment for senior executives correct incorrect

'Polluter pays' initiatives correct incorrect

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. 'Air pollution is estimated to cause the equivalent of up to _____ early deaths per year.' What is the missing number?

10,000 correct incorrect

20,000 correct incorrect

30,000 correct incorrect

40,000 correct incorrect

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. Which three broad approaches for responding to environmental offending does White (2008) identify? (Select all that apply.)

Legal action correct incorrect

Regulatory correct incorrect

Socio-legal correct incorrect

Social action correct incorrect

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. Which of the following agencies deal with environmental crimes in the UK? (Select all that apply.)

Environment Agency correct incorrect

National Wildlife Crime Unit correct incorrect

National Crime Agency correct incorrect

HM Customs and Excise correct incorrect

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. How much did Southern Water pay in penalties and rebates after Ofwat's investigation into wrongdoing with their wastewater?

£3 million correct incorrect

£31.7 million correct incorrect

£91.2 million correct incorrect

£126 million correct incorrect

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. Name one way in which governments have attempted to address the judiciary being 'environmentally myopic' (Woolf, 1992).

Enviro courts correct incorrect

Green courts correct incorrect

Native courts correct incorrect

Restorative courts correct incorrect