Chapter 11 Self-test questions

. What is the most common type of relationship between a victim and an offender in a case of serious sexual assault?

Partners

Family members

Strangers

Employer-employee

. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (2014) carried out an inspection of how the police deal with domestic abuse cases across England and Wales. How many of the 43 police forces were found to have acted effectively to respond to domestic abuse cases and bring perpetrators to justice?

4

8

16

32

. How are women portrayed in the 'evil woman' thesis?

As doubly deviant

As having supernatural powers

As using their femininity to manipulate men

As masculine

. What is the concept that can pressure men into attaining certain levels of socially prescribed masculine status and power?

Hegemonic masculinity

Subordinated masculinity

Androcentrism

Multiple masculinity

. Who was the author of the text 'Women, Crime and Criminology', published in 1976, that is seen as heralding the start of feminist criminology in the UK?

Frances Heidensohn

Guglielmo Ferrero

Cesare Lombroso

Carol Smart

. Which of these terms has been used to describe how criminology has historically overlooked gender?

Malestream

Gender blindness

Androcentrism

Sexclusivity

. What do theorists mean when they refer to a tendency to 'dichotomise gender'?

The male and female gender are being portrayed as the same

The male and female gender are being portrayed as polar opposites

Multiple genders are being portrayed

Gender is being portrayed as a fluid continuum

. '"Malestream" is a term used to describe criminology as being male-centred.' True or false?

True

False

. What is the 'gender gap'?

The gender differences between men and women

The different types of offence committed by men and women

The lack of gender diversity and criminology

The gap in offending statistics between men and women

. According to liberal feminism, which factors are primarily responsible for gender inequality?

Biological factors

Sociological factors

Legal factors

Political factors

. Which type of feminism has been criticised for not challenging the patriarchal status quo?

Radical feminism

Socialist feminism

Liberal feminism

Postmodern feminism

. What do radical feminists believe to be the fundamental factor that drives gender inequality?

Ethnicity

Social class

Religion

Patriarchy

. Which group of feminists have been criticised for elevating the importance of economic class inequality over other forms of oppression?

Socialist feminists

Radical feminists

Liberal feminists

Marxist feminists

. Socialist feminist theory combines aspects of which other feminist theories? (Select all that apply.)

Postmodern feminism

Marxist feminism

Radical feminism

Liberal feminism

. 'Epistemological positions are criminological theories.' True or false?

True

False

. Which feminist epistemology believes it is possible to produce unbiased, gender-neutral knowledge of the nature of crime?

Marxist feminism

Postmodern feminism

Feminist empiricism

Standpoint feminism

. What are standpoint feminists criticised for?

Prioritising women's perspectives over those of others

Adopting male-centred 'scientific' methods

Prioritising economic class inequality over intersectionality

Failing to understand the standpoint of women

. Which school of feminist thought rejects the ability of scientific research methods to produce an objective, universal 'truth' for the social reality experienced by women?

Liberal feminism

Feminist empiricism

Standpoint feminism

Postmodern feminism

. 'Postmodern feminism has been accused of relativism.' True or false?

True

False

. Who devised the term 'intersectionality'?

Carol Smart

bell hooks

Frances Heidensohn

Kimberlé Crenshaw

. 'In her seminal text, African American feminist bell hooks (1981) _______ the view that all women share similar experiences of disadvantage.' What is the missing word?

Rejected

Supported

Reinforced

Expanded

. Which of the following are among the identities and social categories that are considered by newer feminist perspectives in their analyses of gender issues? (Select all that apply.)

Sexual orientation

Social class

Disability

Race