Chapter 10 Self-test questions

. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, Europeans migrated outwards to America, Africa, and Asia. Which mechanisms of control did these imperial powers use to control and discipline the indigenous populations? (Select all that apply.)

. Which of the following are 'old' commonwealth countries? (Select all that apply.)

. Which seminal work clearly illustrated how police believed black people to be inherently criminal?

. What is the name of the rule brought in by the National Football League in the US in an effort to increase diversity within the game?

. What factors do we need to bear in mind when approaching information about race, ethnicity, and crime? (Select all that apply.)

. When were the first official statistics on the racial and ethnic backgrounds of the prison population in England and Wales published?

. Why should statistics on crime be treated with particular caution in the context of race and ethnicity? (Select all that apply.)

. The relationship between crime, race, and ethnicity is undoubtedly nuanced, but explanations and arguments that rely on the complexity and reliability of the available data ultimately appear to benefit which group?

. 'Black, Asian, and ethnic minority people are more likely to be victims of crime compared to white people.' True or false?

. Which of the following are recent examples of the significant harms caused to black and ethnic minority people by the systemic disadvantages they face? (Select all that apply.)

. In England and Wales, how many more times are black people likely to be subject to 'stop and search' powers compared to white people?

. Black and minority ethnic groups are over-represented at all stages of the criminal justice process and appear, based on the statistical 'facts', to be committing more crimes, of a more serious nature. Which of the following have been identified as the causes of this over-representation? (Select all that apply.)

. By which of the following groups is the criminal justice system predominantly run?

. Which group(s) of young defendants charged with burglary and theft offences are more likely to have their case terminated by the CPS? (Select all that apply.)

. 'Black and Asian defendants are ______ likely to plead guilty compared to white defendants.' What is the missing word in this statement?

. In 2018, ethnic minority groups comprised what percentage of the prisoner population?

. The Scarman Inquiry was commissioned by the UK government as a direct response to which event?

. What did the Lawrence Inquiry identify for the first time, not only in relation to the police, but also housing and education?

. What did the Mubarek Inquiry aim to determine?

. Which particularly impactful review made 35 recommendations which range from staffing prisons with personnel more representative of society, to the quality of data on race and using modern slavery legislation to protect the public and prevent the exploitation of vulnerable young people?

. Critical race theory is generally preferred by criminologists and sociologists studying race, but which of the following have also been used to better understand and respond to the complex issues of race, ethnicity, and crime? (Select all that apply.)

. 'CRT theorists assert that racism is a normal feature of social relations.' True or false?

. What do 'race-switching' exercises aim to reveal? (Select all that apply.)

. What is the term used to describe efforts to reassess and reconstruct what is taught in schools and universities to mitigate the dominance of white people and white-focused perspectives?

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