●    Intervening acts, or novus actus interveniens, may operate to break the chain of causation between a defendant’s act and the final outcome.

●    The legal impact of an intervening act will depend on the extent to which it is reasonable, when it is committed by the claimant.

●    The legal impact of an intervening act will depend on the extent to which it is reasonable or highly foreseeable, when it is committed by a third party.

●    This chapter must be studied in conjunction with Chapter 7, ‘Causation in fact’.